The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex
The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.1996.0125
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发表时间：
1996-10-29
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Damasio, AR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Damasio, AR
在这篇文章中，我讨论了一个假说，被称为躯体标记假说，我认为它与理解人类推理和决策的过程有关。前额叶皮质的腹内侧部对这里假设的手术至关重要，但这一假说并不一定适用于整个前额叶皮质，也不应被视为试图在单一机制下统一额叶功能。该假说的关键思想是，“标记”信号在多个操作水平上影响对刺激的反应过程，其中一些公开发生(有意识地，“在脑海中”发生)，而另一些则隐蔽地(无意识地，无意识地)发生。标记信号出现在生物调节过程中，包括那些以情绪和感觉表达自己的过程，但不一定限于那些单独的过程。这就是为什么标记物被称为躯体的原因：它们与身体状态结构和调节有关，即使它们不是出现在身体本身，而是出现在大脑对身体的表示中。‘标记物’信号的隐蔽作用的例子包括对先前学习到的反应的无意抑制；在选择厌恶或食欲的行为模式时引入偏见，或者在对各种选择-结果情景的刻意评估中引入偏见。公开行动的例子包括有意识地将某些选项-结果情景“限定”为危险或有利的。该假说拒绝以排他性和无关的方式将人类的推理和决策限制在仅依赖于条件或认知的机制的尝试。
In this article I discuss a hypothesis, known as the somatic marker hypothesis, which I believe is relevant to the understanding of processes of human reasoning and decision making. The ventromedial sector of the prefrontal cortices is critical to the operations postulated here, but the hypothesis does not necessarily apply to prefrontal cortex as a whole and should not be seen as an attempt to unify frontal lobe functions under a single mechanism.The key idea in the hypothesis is that 'marker' signals influence the processes of response to stimuli, at multiple levels of operation, some of which occur overtly (consciously, 'in mind') and some of which occur covertly (non-consciously, in a non-minded manner). The marker signals arise in bioregulatory processes, including those which express themselves in emotions and feelings, but are not necessarily confined to those alone. This is the reason why the markers are termed somatic: they relate to body-state structure and regulation even when they do not arise in the body proper but rather in the brain's representation of the body.Examples of the covert action of 'marker' signals are the undeliberated inhibition of a response learned previously; the introduction of a bias in the selection of an aversive or appetitive mode of behaviour, or in the otherwise deliberate evaluation of varied option-outcome scenarios. Examples of overt action include the conscious 'qualifying' of certain option-outcome scenarios as dangerous or advantageous.The hypothesis rejects attempts to limit human reasoning and decision making to mechanisms relying, in an exclusive and unrelated manner, on either conditioning alone or cognition alone.