Evaluating Simulated Microphysics during OLYMPEX Using GPM Satellite Observations
Evaluating Simulated Microphysics during OLYMPEX Using GPM Satellite Observations
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DOI：
10.1175/jas-d-18-0271.1
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发表时间：
2019-04
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Robert Conrick;C. Mass
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Robert Conrick;C. Mass
本研究利用全球降水测量（GPM）卫星在奥林匹克山脉实验（OLYMPEX）野外活动期间收集的观测资料，包括来自GPM微波成像仪（GMI）和双频降水雷达（DPR）仪器的数据，对天气研究与预报（WRF）模式中的潮湿物理进行了评估。尽管WRF使用Thompson等人的微物理能够真实地模拟接近屏障的水蒸气浓度，但对近海和地形西部斜坡的云水含量和降雨率的预测不足。我们发现，当云水被低估时，雨率就会被低估，这在云水和雨率赤字之间建立了联系。垂直水流星混合比曲线的评价表明，WRF产生的云水和雨水含量太少，特别是在2.5 km以下，而在此高度以上则有过多的积雪。模拟混合比廓线受海岸邻近或中纬度风暴扇区的影响小于GMI廓线。对不同天气风暴扇区的模拟结果表明，锋后风暴扇区模拟最真实，而暖区模拟误差最大。DPR观测证实了GMI对降雨率的低估，而不依赖于降雨是发生在陆地上还是水上。WRF对2 km以下雷达反射率预测偏低，对2 km以上雷达反射率预测过高，与GMI垂直混合比剖面一致。
This study evaluates moist physics in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model using observations collected during the Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX) field campaign by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite, including data from the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) and Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) instruments. Even though WRF using Thompson et al. microphysics was able to realistically simulate water vapor concentrations approaching the barrier, there was underprediction of cloud water content and rain rates offshore and over western slopes of terrain. We showed that underprediction of rain rate occurred when cloud water was underpredicted, establishing a connection between cloud water and rain-rate deficits. Evaluations of vertical hydrometeor mixing ratio profiles indicated that WRF produced too little cloud water and rainwater content, particularly below 2.5 km, with excessive snow above this altitude. Simulated mixing ratio profiles were less influenced by coastal proximity or midlatitude storm sector than were GMI profiles. Evaluations of different synoptic storm sectors suggested that postfrontal storm sectors were simulated most realistically, while warm sectors had the largest errors. DPR observations confirm the underprediction of rain rates noted by GMI, with no dependence on whether rain occurs over land or water. Finally, WRF underpredicted radar reflectivity below 2 km and overpredicted above 2 km, consistent with GMI vertical mixing ratio profiles.