Are readers of our face readers of our minds?: Dogs (Canis familiaris) show situation-dependent recognition of human's attention
Are readers of our face readers of our minds?: Dogs (Canis familiaris) show situation-dependent recognition of human's attention
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DOI：
10.1007/s10071-003-0205-8
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发表时间：
2004-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Csányi, V
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gácsi, M;Miklósi, A;Csányi, V
动物使用行为/面部线索来检测人类注意力的能力已被广泛研究。在这个系列的测试中，我们研究了狗在不同的实验情况下识别人类注意力的能力（捡球游戏，在命令下抓取物体，向人类乞讨）。人类的注意力状态沿着两个变量变化：(1)面对狗和不面对狗；(2)肉眼与非肉眼。在第一组实验（抓取）中，主人被告知采取不同的身体姿势（面对或不面对狗），用眼罩遮住眼睛或不遮住眼睛。在第二组实验（乞讨）中，狗必须根据眼睛的可见度或面部的方向在两个正在吃东西的人之间做出选择。我们的研究结果表明，狗区分“专注”和“不专注”人类的效率取决于测试的背景，但它们可以依赖于身体的方向，头部的方向和眼睛的可见性。除了取物游戏的情况外，它们会把物品带到人类面前（即使他/她背对着狗），并优先向面对（或看到）人类的人乞求。还有迹象表明，狗对眼睛的可见性很敏感，因为当它们接近蒙着眼睛的主人时，它们会表现出更多的犹豫行为，而且它们也更喜欢向眼睛可见的人乞讨。我们得出的结论是，狗能够依靠同样的一组人类面部线索来检测注意力，这构成了理解人类注意力的行为基础。狗在不同情况下识别人类注意力的能力被证明比在类似情况下调查的黑猩猩更灵活。
The ability of animals to use behavioral/facial cues in detection of human attention has been widely investigated. In this test series we studied the ability of dogs to recognize human attention in different experimental situations (ball-fetching game, fetching objects on command, begging from humans). The attentional state of the humans was varied along two variables: (1) facing versus not facing the dog; (2) visible versus non-visible eyes. In the first set of experiments (fetching) the owners were told to take up different body positions (facing or not facing the dog) and to either cover or not cover their eyes with a blindfold. In the second set of experiments (begging) dogs had to choose between two eating humans based on either the visibility of the eyes or direction of the face. Our results show that the efficiency of dogs to discriminate between "attentive" and "inattentive" humans depended on the context of the test, but they could rely on the orientation of the body, the orientation of the head and the visibility of the eyes. With the exception of the fetching-game situation, they brought the object to the front of the human (even if he/she turned his/her back towards the dog), and preferentially begged from the facing (or seeing) human. There were also indications that dogs were sensitive to the visibility of the eyes because they showed increased hesitative behavior when approaching a blindfolded owner, and they also preferred to beg from the person with visible eyes. We conclude that dogs are able to rely on the same set of human facial cues for detection of attention, which form the behavioral basis of understanding attention in humans. Showing the ability of recognizing human attention across different situations dogs proved to be more flexible than chimpanzees investigated in similar circumstances.