Closing the global N2O budget:: nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle -: OECD/IPCC/IEA phase II development of IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventory methodology
Closing the global N2O budget:: nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle -: OECD/IPCC/IEA phase II development of IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventory methodology
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1009740530221
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发表时间：
1998-10-01
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
van Cleemput, O
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mosier, A;Kroeze, C;van Cleemput, O
1995年，应经合组织/气专委/国际能源机构的要求，成立了一个工作组，修订国家温室气体清单方法中农业产生的氧化亚氮的方法。本文介绍了为计算国家一级农业土壤一氧化二氮（N（2）O）年排放量而开发的方法的基础。在新方法中区分了三种N（2）O来源：（i）农业土壤的直接排放，（ii）畜牧业生产的排放，（iii）农业活动间接引起的N（2）O排放。该方法是一种简单的方法，只需要粮农组织数据库提供的输入数据。该方法试图将N（2）O排放与农业氮（N）循环以及氮一旦离开农业系统就被输送到其中的系统联系起来。这些估计是在认识到增加作物养分（包括氮）的利用以满足我们不久的将来对粮食和纤维生产的快速增长的需求后做出的。人为氮输入到农业系统中包括来自合成肥料、动物粪便、增加的生物固氮、通过增强有机物质矿化培养矿物和有机土壤以及还田作物残留物的矿化的氮。一氧化二氮可能在农田、牲畜圈或畜牧系统中直接排放到大气中，或通过地表径流从农业系统进入地下和地表沃茨。硝酸盐的淋溶、径流和人类的食物消耗以及进入污水系统将氮最终输送到地表水（河流和海洋）中，在那里产生额外的N（2）O。氨和氮的氧化物（NO2）也从农业系统中排放出来，并可能被运离现场，用于其他系统的施肥，从而提高了N2 O的产量。最终，所有通过土壤系统移动的氮要么最终被埋在沉积物中，要么在水生系统中被分解。我们使用我们的方法和粮农组织1989年的数据中的中点排放因子，估算了1989年全球N（2）O-N的排放量。农业土壤的直接排放总量为2.1 Tg N，畜牧业生产的直接排放总量为2.1 Tg N，农业氮输入到大气和水生系统的间接排放总量为2.1 Tg N（2）O-N，年总排放量为6.3 Tg N（2）O-N。农业生产对大气的N（2）O输入量在以前显然被低估了。这些新的估计表明，在早期的IPCC报告中讨论的缺失的N（2）O来源可能是生物（农业）来源。
In 1995 a working group was assembled at the request of OECD/IPCC/IEA to revise the methodology for N(2)O from agriculture for the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Methodology. The basics of the methodology developed to calculate annual country level nitrous oxide (N(2)O) emissions from agricultural soils is presented herein. Three sources of N(2)O are distinguished in the new methodology: (i) direct emissions from agricultural soils, (ii) emissions from animal production, and (iii) N(2)O emissions indirectly induced by agricultural activities. The methodology is a simple approach which requires only input data that are available from FAO databases. The methodology attempts to relate N(2)O emissions to the agricultural nitrogen (N) cycle and to systems into which N is transported once it leaves agricultural systems. These estimates are made with the realization that increased utilization of crop nutrients, including N, will be required to meet rapidly growing needs for food and fiber production in our immediate future. Anthropogenic N input into agricultural systems include N from synthetic fertilizer, animal wastes, increased biological N-fixation, cultivation of mineral and organic soils through enhanced organic matter mineralization, and mineralization of crop residue returned to the field. Nitrous oxide may be emitted directly to the atmosphere in agricultural fields, animal confinements or pastoral systems or be transported from agricultural systems into ground and surface waters through surface runoff. Nitrate leaching and runoff and food consumption by humans and introduction into sewage systems transport the N ultimately into surface water (rivers and oceans) where additional N(2)O is produced. Ammonia and oxides of N (NO,) are also emitted from agricultural systems and may be transported off-site and serve to fertilize other systems which leads to enhanced production of N(2)O. Eventually, all N that moves through the soil system will be either terminally sequestered in buried sediments or denitrified in aquatic systems. We estimated global N(2)O-N emissions for the year 1989, using midpoint emission factors from our methodology and the FAO data for 1989. Direct emissions from agricultural soils totaled 2.1 Tg N, direct emissions from animal production totaled 2.1 Tg N and indirect emissions resulting from agricultural N input into the atmosphere and aquatic systems totaled 2.1 Tg N(2)O-N for an annual total of 6.3 Tg N(2)O-N. The N(2)O input to the atmosphere from agricultural production as a whole has apparently been previously underestimated. These new estimates suggest that the missing N(2)O sources discussed in earlier IPCC reports is likely a biogenic (agricultural) one.