Ecological Knowledge, Leadership, and the Evolution of Menopause in Killer Whales
Ecological Knowledge, Leadership, and the Evolution of Menopause in Killer Whales
复制标题
虎鲸的生态知识、领导力和更年期的演变
DOI：
10.1097/01.ogx.0000473447.56756.01
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
6.2
通讯作者：
Brent L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brent L
经典生活史理论预测，绝经不应发生，因为生殖停止后不应有生存选择[1]。然而，人类女性在停止繁殖后通常还能活 30 年 [2]。只有另外两个物种——虎鲸 (Orcinus orca) 和短鳍领航鲸 (Globicephala macrorhynchus) [3, 4]——具有可比的繁殖后寿命。理论上，更年期可以通过包容性的健身益处来进化 [5, 6]，但生育后女性帮助其亲属的机制仍然是个谜。一种假设是，生育后的雌性充当生态知识的宝库，从而缓冲亲属免受环境困难的影响 [7, 8]。我们使用野生虎鲸的独特长期数据集对该假设进行了首次检验。我们展示了三个关键结果。首先，在鲑鱼觅食地的集体活动中，生育后老年的雌性会领导群体。其次，在鲑鱼丰度较低的困难年份，生育后期雌性的领导作用尤其突出。这一发现至关重要，因为鲑鱼的丰富度会导致虎鲸的死亡率和繁殖成功率[9, 10]。第三，女性更有可能领导她们的儿子，而不是领导她们的女儿，这支持了基于亲属动态的更年期演化最新模型 [5] 的预测。我们的结果表明，生育后的女性可以通过生态知识的转移来提高亲属的健康度。从长辈的智慧中获得的价值可以帮助解释为什么雌性虎鲸和人类在停止繁殖后仍能活得很长。
Classic life-history theory predicts that menopause should not occur because there should be no selection for survival after the cessation of reproduction [1]. Yet, human females routinely live 30 years after they have stopped reproducing [2]. Only two other species—killer whales (Orcinus orca) and short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) [3, 4]—have comparable postreproductive lifespans. In theory, menopause can evolve via inclusive fitness benefits [5, 6], but the mechanisms by which postreproductive females help their kin remain enigmatic. One hypothesis is that postreproductive females act as repositories of ecological knowledge and thereby buffer kin against environmental hardships [7, 8]. We provide the first test of this hypothesis using a unique long-term dataset on wild resident killer whales. We show three key results. First, postreproductively aged females lead groups during collective movement in salmon foraging grounds. Second, leadership by postreproductively aged females is especially prominent in difficult years when salmon abundance is low. This finding is critical because salmon abundance drives both mortality and reproductive success in resident killer whales [9, 10]. Third, females are more likely to lead their sons than they are to lead their daughters, supporting predictions of recent models [5] of the evolution of menopause based on kinship dynamics. Our results show that postreproductive females may boost the fitness of kin through the transfer of ecological knowledge. The value gained from the wisdom of elders can help explain why female resident killer whales and humans continue to live long after they have stopped reproducing.
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影响因子：
2.9
作者：
J. S. Peccei
通讯作者：
J. S. Peccei
影响因子：
3.1
作者：
Hoelzel, AR;Dahlheim, M;Stern, SJ
通讯作者：
Stern, SJ
不列颠哥伦比亚省和育空地区溯河产卵鲑鱼和鳟鱼的现状
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
T. Slaney;K. Hyatt;T. Northcote;R. Fielden
通讯作者：
R. Fielden
母系鲸鱼的真社会性、更年期和信息。
影响因子：
16.8
作者：
K. McAuliffe;H. Whitehead
通讯作者：
H. Whitehead
不成文的知识
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
J. Diamond
通讯作者：
J. Diamond