Gendered Impacts of Household and Ambient Air Pollution on Child Health: Evidence from Household and Satellite-based Data in Bangladesh
Gendered Impacts of Household and Ambient Air Pollution on Child Health: Evidence from Household and Satellite-based Data in Bangladesh
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发表时间：
2019
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通讯作者：
M. Kurata;Kazushi Takahashi;A. Hibiki
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作者：
M. Kurata;Kazushi Takahashi;A. Hibiki
减少家庭空气污染（HAP）和环境空气污染（AAP）的健康风险是实现全球可持续发展的关键问题，特别是在低收入国家。儿童的风险尤其高，因为他们的呼吸系统和免疫系统尚未发育完全。以前的研究已经确定了空气污染对儿童健康的不利影响;然而，大多数既没有同时关注HAP和AAP，也没有解决性别之间产前和产后暴露的时间和程度差异。本文研究了出生前和出生后暴露于空气动力学直径为2.5 μ Em或更小的颗粒物（PM2.5）和家庭使用固体燃料（HAP的主要原因）对孟加拉国儿童健康的影响。我们将全国代表性调查的个人数据与基于卫星的高分辨率环境PM2.5数据相结合。我们发现：（1）使用固体燃料与女孩的呼吸道疾病有关，但与男孩无关;（2）产前暴露于环境PM2.5会对发育迟缓产生不利影响，没有任何关于性别差异的明确证据;（3）产后暴露会持续增加男女发育迟缓和呼吸道疾病的风险。这些结果为AAP和HAP在性别和暴露时间方面对儿童的异质性影响提供了新的证据。主要的政策影响是，针对艾滋病毒/艾滋病的干预措施将更有效，针对女孩和艾滋病毒/艾滋病的干预措施不仅应包括出生的儿童，而且还应包括孕妇。总之，我们的研究结果强调了保护妇女免受空气污染和实现可持续发展目标3.9的重要性。
Reducing health risks from household air pollution (HAP) and ambient air pollution (AAP) is a critical issue in achieving sustainable development worldwide, especially in low-income countries. Children are particularly at high risk because their respiratory and immune systems are not fully developed. Previous studies have identified the adverse impacts of air pollution on child health; however, most have neither focused on HAP and AAP simultaneously nor addressed differences in the timing and magnitude of prenatal and postnatal exposure across genders. This article examines the impacts of prenatal and postnatal exposure to ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 ƒEm or less (PM2.5) and household use of solid fuels (a main cause of HAP) on child health in Bangladesh. We combine individual-level data from nationally representative surveys with satellite-based high-resolution data on ambient PM2.5. We find that: (1) the use of solid fuels is associated with respiratory illness among girls but not boys; (2) prenatal exposure to ambient PM2.5 adversely affects stunting, without any clear evidence on gender differences; and (3) postnatal exposure consistently increases the risk of both stunting and respiratory illness for both genders. These results provide new evidence on the heterogeneous impacts of AAP and HAP on children in terms of gender and the timing of exposure. The main policy implications are that intervention against HAP would be more effective by targeting girls and that intervention against AAP should cover not only born children but also pregnant mothers. In sum, our findings highlight the importance of protecting women from air pollution and achieving Target 3.9 of the Sustainable Development Goals.