COMPLEX ORGANIZATION OF THE WARBLING SONG IN THE EUROPEAN STARLING STURNUS VULGARIS
COMPLEX ORGANIZATION OF THE WARBLING SONG IN THE EUROPEAN STARLING STURNUS VULGARIS
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DOI：
10.1163/156853988x00322
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发表时间：
1988-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
JENKINS, PF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
ADRETHAUSBERGER, M;JENKINS, PF
雄性椋鸟唱两种非常不同的歌：口哨和鸣唱。本研究描述了来自不同地理来源的个体的结构和组织。在所有的情况下，颤音被证明是一种非常复杂的歌曲，其中有很多对比：非常不同的音符彼此跟随，甚至叠加。更高层次的组织是存在的：音符被分组在重复的单位，主题，其中每一个都是在1到12个重复的回合唱，最后这些回合显示出一个明确的顺序组织。在这些层次中的每一个层次都存在一定的可变性：从一个给定主题的一次演奏到下一次演奏，可以看到轻微的变化;每个主题的重复次数从一个歌曲序列到另一个歌曲序列而变化，并且回合的顺序组织似乎能够季节性地变化。所有这些特征在所有个体中都能找到。然而，颤音似乎是一个基本上个人的歌曲。除了两个或三个物种特有的图案，其他的剧目是个人的特点。歌曲的开始和结束都有明确的定义，通常以一个单独的主题开始，而以一个物种特有的主题结束。我们观察到个体之间的剧目大小的显着差异，从大约20到超过35个不同的图案。这是我们能够为这首连续歌曲定义的曲目的唯一衡量标准。
Male starlings sing two very different categories of song: whistles and warbles. The present study describes the structure and the organization of warbling song in individuals from varied geographical origins. In all cases, warbling is shown to be an extremely complex song in which there is much contrast: very different notes follow each other and are even superimposed. Higher levels of organizations are present: notes are grouped in repeating units, the motifs, each of which is sung in bouts of 1 to 12 repetitions, and finally these bouts show a clear sequential organization. A certain amount of variability occurs at each of these levels: slight variations are seen from one rendition of a given motif to the next; the number of repetitions of each motif varies from one song sequence to another and the sequential organization of bouts seem to be able to vary seasonally. All these characteristics were found in all individuals. Nevertheless, warbling appears to be an essentially individual song. Beyond two or three species-specific motifs, the others in the repertoire are individually characteristic. The beginnings and endings of the songs are clearly defined commencing usually with an individual motif whilst ending with a species-specific motif. We observed marked differences between individuals in repertoire size, extending from about 20 to more than 35 different motifs. This is the only measure of the repertoire that we have been able to define for this continuous song.