Implications of the Coffee-Ring Effect on Virus Infectivity
Implications of the Coffee-Ring Effect on Virus Infectivity
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01610
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发表时间：
2021-09-15
期刊：
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Vikesland, Peter J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Huang, Qishen;Wang, Wei;Vikesland, Peter J.
导致包膜病毒（例如流感和 SARS-CoV-2）在污染物表面存活的因素引起了社会的关注。噬菌体 Phi6 是一种有包膜病毒替代物，常用于研究活力。为了研究聚丙烯上液滴蒸发过程中活力如何变化，我们使用固定的初始 Phi6 浓度进行了实验，同时系统地改变培养物浓度和组成（通过使用 2% 胎牛血清 (FBS)、0.08 wt% BSA 或 0.5 wt% SDS 进行修正）。结果与有充分根据的相对湿度 (RH) 对病毒活力的影响一致；然而，测量到的活力变化大于先前报道的仅含有无机盐或蛋白质的液滴，并且蛋白质效应在 1x Dulbecco 改良 Eagle 培养基 (DMEM) 中出现差异。我们将这种差异归因于液滴蒸发过程中病毒分布的变化，这是由于可变的溶质干燥模式（即“咖啡环”效应）而引起的，而溶质干燥模式是液滴生化成分的函数。为了检验这一假设，我们使用表面增强拉曼光谱 (SERS) 成像和三种类型的金纳米粒子（pH 纳米探针、带正电的 (AuNPs(+)) 和带负电的 (AuNPs(-))）作为 Phi6 的物理替代物，并确定较低的 DMEM 浓度以及较低的蛋白质浓度可以抑制咖啡环效应。观察到该结果与颗粒表面电荷无关。咖啡环效应的趋势与测量到的病毒感染性变化密切相关。这种相关性表明，当病毒和蛋白质聚集时，导致咖啡环更浓缩的条件可以提供防止失活的保护作用。
The factors contributing to the survival of enveloped viruses (e.g., influenza and SARS-CoV-2) on fomite surfaces are of societal interest. The bacteriophage Phi6 is an enveloped viral surrogate commonly used to study viability. To investigate how viability changes during the evaporation of droplets on polypropylene, we conducted experiments using a fixed initial Phi6 concentration while systematically varying the culture concentration and composition (by amendment with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.08 wt % BSA, or 0.5 wt % SDS). The results were consistent with the well-founded relative humidity (RH) effect on virus viability; however, the measured viability change was greater than that previously reported for droplets containing either inorganic salts or proteins alone, and the protein effects diverged in 1x Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). We attribute this discrepancy to changes in virus distribution during droplet evaporation that arise due to the variable solute drying patterns (i.e., the "coffee-ring" effect) that are a function of the droplet biochemical composition. To test this hypothesis, we used surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) imaging and three types of gold nanoparticles (pH nanoprobe, positively charged (AuNPs(+)), and negatively charged (AuNPs(-))) as physical surrogates for Phi6 and determined that lower DMEM concentrations, as well as lower protein concentrations, suppressed the coffee-ring effect. This result was observed irrespective of particle surface charge. The trends in the coffee-ring effect correlate well with the measured changes in virus infectivity. The correlation suggests that conditions resulting in more concentrated coffee rings provide protective effects against inactivation when viruses and proteins aggregate.