Non-inherited Maternal Antigens, Pregnancy, and Allotolerance
Non-inherited Maternal Antigens, Pregnancy, and Allotolerance
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DOI：
10.4103/2319-4170.143498
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Burlingham, William
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bracamonte-Baran, William;Burlingham, William
非遗传性母源抗原（NIMA）是来自多态性基因的蛋白质产物，母亲表达而不是后代。在正常人类妊娠期间，以这样的方式发生双向调节，即母体免疫系统耐受胎儿表达的遗传性父系抗原（IPA），而发育中的胎儿免疫系统耐受NIMA。所描述的双向调节的发展过程与微嵌合体有关，这是由于蜕膜-滋养层界面允许细胞的双向运输。来自移植和妊娠生理学领域的大量知识表明微嵌合体和NIMA暴露在NIMA特异性同种异体反应调节的发展中的作用，其可能包括转化生长因子β（TGF-β）以及白细胞介素（IL）-10和IL-35，产生外周T调节淋巴细胞。这种NIMA特异性同种异体耐受的诱导被称为“NIMA效应”。一些实验数据表明存在与NIMA效应相关的“分裂耐受”现象，其中诱导NIMA特异性间接途径的调节而不对直接途径产生耐受性影响。在这篇综述中，最相关的文献有关的免疫现象的NIMA效应进行了讨论，包括最近的建议所发挥的作用，抗原收购和半直接途径的同种异体识别。
Non-inherited maternal antigens (NIMA) are those protein products derived from polymorphic genes that the mothers express but not the offspring. During normal human pregnancy, a bidirectional regulation occurs in such a way that the maternal immune system tolerates the inherited paternal antigens (IPA) expressed by the fetus and the developing fetal immune system tolerates NIMA. The process by which the described bidirectional regulation is developed is related to microchimerism, due to the bidirectional traffic of cells allowed by the decidua-trophoblast interface. An extensive body of knowledge from the transplantation and pregnancy physiology fields suggests a role for microchimerism and NIMA exposure in the development of NIMA-specific alloresponse regulation, which may include transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) as well as interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-35, producing peripheral T regulatory lymphocytes. The induction of this NIMA-specific allotolerance is called the "NIMA effect." Some experimental data suggest the existence of a "split tolerance" phenomenon associated with NIMA effect, in which regulation of NIMA-specific indirect pathway is induced without tolerogenic impact on the direct pathway. In this review, the most relevant literature about the immunological phenomena underlying the NIMA effect is discussed, including the most recent proposals about the role played by antigen-acquisition and the semi-direct pathway of allorecognition.