No second law of entanglement manipulation after all
No second law of entanglement manipulation after all
复制标题
DOI：
10.1038/s41567-022-01873-9
复制
发表时间：
2023-01-23
期刊：
影响因子：
19.6
通讯作者：
Regula, Bartosz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lami, Ludovico;Regula, Bartosz
在量子纠缠理论和热力学之间出现了许多富有成效的类比，激发了对类似于热力学定律的纠缠公理化描述的追求。一个长期存在的问题是建立一个真正的纠缠第二定律，特别是一个独特的函数，控制纠缠系统之间的所有转换，反映了熵在热力学中的作用。相反，以前有希望的证据，在这里，我们表明，这是不可能的，没有直接对应的热力学第二定律可以建立。这是通过从第一性原理证明纠缠理论的不可逆性来实现的。假设只有最一般的微观物理约束的纠缠操纵，我们表明，纠缠理论是不可逆的所有非纠缠变换。此外，我们排除了可逆性没有显着的纠缠支出，表明可逆的纠缠变换需要产生的宏观大量的纠缠根据一定的措施。我们的结果不仅揭示了量子纠缠变换与热力学过程的根本区别，而且揭示了纠缠的独特性质，使其区别于其他已知的量子资源;对纠缠操纵的物理极限的正式分析表明，它不可能可逆地进行，这突出了它与热力学过程的重要区别.
Many fruitful analogies have emerged between the theories of quantum entanglement and thermodynamics, motivating the pursuit of an axiomatic description of entanglement akin to the laws of thermodynamics. A long-standing open problem has been to establish a true second law of entanglement, and in particular a unique function that governs all transformations between entangled systems, mirroring the role of entropy in thermodynamics. Contrary to previous promising evidence, here we show that this is impossible and that no direct counterpart to the second law of thermodynamics can be established. This is accomplished by demonstrating the irreversibility of entanglement theory from first principles. Assuming only the most general microscopic physical constraints of entanglement manipulation, we show that entanglement theory is irreversible under all non-entangling transformations. We furthermore rule out reversibility without significant entanglement expenditure, showing that reversible entanglement transformations require the generation of macroscopically large amounts of entanglement according to certain measures. Our results not only reveal fundamental differences between quantum entanglement transformations and thermodynamic processes, but also showcase a unique property of entanglement that distinguishes it from other known quantum resources.A formal analysis of the physical limits of entanglement manipulation shows that it cannot be done reversibly, highlighting an important difference from thermodynamics.