Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans
Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans
复制标题
DOI：
10.1097/01.phm.0000029772.45258.43
复制
发表时间：
2002-11-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Hubal, MJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clarkson, PM;Hubal, MJ
人类运动引起的肌肉损伤经常发生在不习惯的运动后，特别是当运动涉及大量偏心（肌肉拉长）收缩时。运动引起的肌肉损伤的直接测量包括细胞和亚细胞干扰，特别是 Z 线流。运动后肌肉损伤的几种间接评估标志物包括通过磁共振成像技术增加的 T2 信号强度、在自愿和电刺激收缩期间（特别是在低刺激频率下）测量到的力产生的长期减少、受伤肌肉内和血液中炎症标志物的增加、血液中肌肉蛋白出现的增加以及肌肉酸痛。尽管尚未描述解释这些变化的确切机制，但最初的损伤归因于纤维的机械破坏，随后的损伤与炎症过程和肌肉内兴奋-收缩耦合的变化有关。进行一轮离心运动会引起一种适应，从而使肌肉不易受到后续一轮离心运动的影响。尽管已经提出了几种理论来解释这种“重复发作效应”，包括运动单位募集的改变、肌节的串联增加、炎症反应减弱以及应激敏感纤维的减少，但对其原因尚未达成普遍共识。此外，关于肌肉对损伤性运动的反应是否存在性别差异也存在争议。动物文献清楚地表明雌性比雄性遭受的损伤要少，与此相反，利用人类研究进行的研究表明，男性和女性之间没有差异，或者女性比男性更容易受到运动引起的肌肉损伤。
Exercise-induced muscle injury in humans frequently occurs after unaccustomed exercise, particularly if the exercise involves a large amount of eccentric (muscle lengthening) contractions. Direct measures of exercise-induced muscle damage include cellular and subcellular disturbances, particularly Z-line streaming. Several indirectly assessed markers of muscle damage after exercise include increases in T2 signal intensity via magnetic resonance imaging techniques, prolonged decreases in force production measured during both voluntary and electrically stimulated contractions (particularly at low stimulation frequencies), increases in inflammatory markers both within the injured muscle and in the blood, increased appearance of muscle proteins in the blood, and muscular soreness. Although the exact mechanisms to explain these changes have not been delineated, the initial injury is ascribed to mechanical disruption of the fiber, and subsequent damage is linked to inflammatory processes and to changes in excitation-contraction coupling within the muscle. Performance of one bout of eccentric exercise induces an adaptation such that the muscle is less vulnerable to a subsequent bout of eccentric exercise. Although several theories have been proposed to explain this "repeated bout effect," including altered motor unit recruitment, an Increase in sarcomeres in series, a blunted inflammatory response, and a reduction in stress-susceptible fibers, there is no general agreement as to its cause. In addition, there is controversy concerning the presence of sex differences in the response of muscle to damage-inducing exercise. In contrast to the animal literature, which clearly shows that females experience less damage than males, research using human studies suggests that there is either no difference between men and women or that women are more prone to exercise-induced muscle damage than are men.