How green composite materials could benefit aircraft construction
How green composite materials could benefit aircraft construction
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DOI：
10.1007/s11431-018-9489-1
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发表时间：
2019-06
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Constantinos Soutis;Xiaosu Yi;Jens Bachmann
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Constantinos Soutis;Xiaosu Yi;Jens Bachmann
与传统材料相比，航空复合材料的典型特点是具有优异的机械性能、重量轻和高性能，并且能够定制其结构以产生更具空气动力学效率的结构配置。考虑到环境挑战和相关的公众关注，如今的游戏转向了可再生能源[1-2]。从历史上看，如果有人知道最早的飞机结构，如1903年12月17日在北卡罗来纳州的莱特兄弟的第一次飞行，是由木材、金属丝和织物等天然材料制成的，这可能并不奇怪。木制结构一直持续到第二次世界大战，德哈维兰蚊子飞机（DH98）由胶合板-巴尔沙胶合板夹板建造，可能代表了木材工程设计的最高点。1937年的DH91信天翁客机被塑造成胶合板-轻质胶合板-三明治结构，1940年的喷火式战斗机机身被设计和制造为Gordon Aerolite材料，这种材料是一种酚醛树脂，含有未扭曲的亚麻纤维，可被视为现代纤维增强塑料的先驱。欧洲和中国的科学家和工程师目前正在合作开展生态指南针项目（www.ecocompass）。eco-compass。欧盟)致力于开发低成本的航空绿色复合材料。这篇新闻文章的目的是给出主题的概述，并报告在ECO-COMPASS项目中获得的主要结果，这些结果可能会引起期刊读者的兴趣。正在研究的复合材料由天然可再生资源制成，如植物和可回收的碳纤维，并具有附加功能，其中声学，振动和电气行为可以根据设计需要进行调整[2,4]。通过使用这些新开发的材料系统，共同努力的目标是试验制造飞机的二级和内部结构。由于具有挑战性的安全要求，在航空领域引入新材料的门槛相对较高。一个例子是舱室环境中使用的材料的防火性能标准。从自然资源中提取的生物聚合物正在取代传统的石油基塑料来设计生态友好型商品生物复合材料[5]。然而，对于绿色航空来说，开发生物来源的高性能树脂来替代传统的环氧树脂用于结构应用是当务之急。由此合成了松香酸[6]和衣康酸[7]，随后通过基因工程技术制备了配方环氧树脂，生产出绿色复合材料[8]。在这些矩阵系统中发现了相同的性能，并且在某些情况下性能有所提高。此外，在不添加任何阻燃元素的情况下，以可再生大豆苷元为原料合成了一种本征阻燃环氧树脂（大豆苷二甘油酯醚（ged））[9,10]。与生物树脂相关的最新活动主要集中在将纳米填料引入生物基环氧树脂基体以及制备用于机械和阻燃测试的样品上。选择碳化硅纳米颗粒、碳纳米管和纳米粘土作为纳米填料来改善固化热固性材料的热、机械和导电性能。为了分散纳米填料，采用了高速混合后超声的方法将纳米填料分散到环氧基体中。经过多次试验，该方法得到了优化，一些纳米颗粒已经被功能化，混合物的配制…
Aeronautical composite materials can be typically characterized by their excellent mechanical properties, light weight and high performance when compared to the more conventional materials, and the ability to tailor their structure to produce more aerodynamically efficient structural configurations. Considering though the environmental challenge and related public concerns, the game is nowadays changing focusing on renewables [1-2]. Historically, it might not be surprising, if one knows that the earliest aircraft structures, like the first flight of the Wright Brothers’ Flyer 1, in North Carolina on December 17 th 1903, were made from natural materials such as wood, wire and fabric. Wooden structures did persist until World War II and the de Havilland mosquito aircraft (DH98) constructed of a plywood-balsa-plywood sandwich laminate probably represents the high point of engineering design with wood. The DH91 Albatross airliner in 1937 was moulded as a ply-balsa-ply sandwich construction and the Spitfire fuselage in 1940 was designed and built of Gordon Aerolite material that was a phenolic resin incorporating untwisted flax fibres that could be regarded as the precursor of modern fibre reinforced plastics [3]. European and Chinese scientists and engineers are currently working in association in the ECO-COMPASS project (www. eco-compass. eu) to develop low cost aeronautical green composites. This news article aims to give an overview of the topics and report main results obtained in the ECO-COMPASS project that could be of interest to the journal’s readership. The composites under investigation are made from naturally renewable resources like plants and recycled carbon fibres with added functionality, where acoustic, vibration and electrical behaviour can be tuned according to design needs [2, 4]. It is the objective of the joint effort to trialmanufacture secondary and interior structures for aircraft by using these newly developed material systems. The threshold for the introduction of new materials in aviation is comparatively high because of the challenging safety requirements. An example is the fire performance criteria for materials used in the cabin environment.Biopolymers derived from natural resources are attracting the attention to replace traditional petrolbased plastics in designing eco-friendly commodity bio-composites [5]. For GREEN AVIATION however, it is the priority to develop bio-sourced high-performance resins to substitute the traditional epoxies for use in structural applications. Rosin acid [6] and itaconic acid [7] have thus been synthesized, and formulated epoxy resins have been subsequently manufactured to produce green composites [8] through genetic engineering technology. Equivalent and in some cases improved performance have been found in these matrix systems. Furthermore, an intrinsically flame-retardant epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of daidzein (DGED)) from renewable daidzein has been synthesized without addition of any flame-retardant element [9, 10]. The latest activities related to the bio-resins have focused on the introduction of nanofillers into the bio-based epoxy matrix and the preparation of specimens for mechanical and fire retardant testing. Silicon carbide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and nanoclays have been selected as nanofillers to improve thermal, mechanical and conductive performance of the cured thermosets. To disperse the nanofillers, high speed mixing followed by sonication has been used as method to disperse the nanofillers into the epoxy matrix. This method has been optimized after several trials and some nano particles have been previously functionalized and the mixtures formulated …