Phenetics, cladistics, and the search for the Alaskan ancestors of the Paleoindians: a reassessment of relationships among the Clovis, Nenana, and Denali archaeological complexes
Phenetics, cladistics, and the search for the Alaskan ancestors of the Paleoindians: a reassessment of relationships among the Clovis, Nenana, and Denali archaeological complexes
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.009
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发表时间：
2008-06-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Collard, Mark
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Buchanan, Briggs;Collard, Mark
克洛维斯、尼纳纳和德纳里是新大陆最早的有据可查的考古遗址。克洛维斯在美国48个州和加拿大部分地区都有发现，但在阿拉斯加没有发现，而Nenana和Denali在阿拉斯加发现，但在北美其他地方没有发现。1991年，格贝尔和同事报告了对来自克洛维斯、内纳纳和德纳里的工具类型的表型分析。他们发现Nenana与克洛维斯的关系比与Denali的关系更密切，并由此得出结论，Nenana可能是克洛维斯的祖先。Goebel等人的研究自发表以来就被频繁引用，他们的结论也被广泛接受。在这里，我们解释了为什么由Goebel等进行的类型的分析。是有问题的，并且还根据经验证明它们的结果取决于所使用的算法和距离测量。然后我们用一种叫做分支系统学的生物学技术重新分析他们的数据集。分支系统学已经取代了表型学，成为重建生物学进化关系的首选方法，因为它更客观。这一分析结果与格贝尔及其同事的分析结果不同。结果强烈表明，德纳里和克洛维斯实际上比任何一个都更接近彼此。(C)2007爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
Clovis, Nenana, and Denali are the earliest well-documented archaeological complexes in the New World. Clovis has been found at sites throughout the lower 48 states of the USA and in parts of Canada but not in Alaska, whereas Nenana and Denali have been found in Alaska but not elsewhere in North America. In 1991, Goebel and colleagues reported phenetic analyses of tool types from Clovis, Nenana, and Denali. They found that Nenana clustered more closely with Clovis than with Denali, and concluded from this that Nenana was likely ancestral to Clovis. Goebel et al.'s study has been cited frequently since it was published, and their conclusions have been widely accepted. Here we explain why analyses of the type performed by Goebel et at. are problematic and also demonstrate empirically that their results are dependent on the algorithm and distance measure used. We then reanalyze their dataset with a technique from biology called cladistics. Cladistics has replaced phenetics as the method of choice for reconstructing evolutionary relationships in biology, because it is more objective. The results of this analysis differ from those obtained by Goebel and colleagues. The results strongly suggest that Denali and Clovis are in fact more closely related to each other than either is to Nenana. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.