Consolation as possible expression of sympathetic concern among chimpanzees
Consolation as possible expression of sympathetic concern among chimpanzees
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1006991107
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发表时间：
2010-07-06
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
de Waal, Frans B. M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Romero, Teresa;Castellanos, Miguel A.;de Waal, Frans B. M.
众所周知，黑猩猩会自发地向最近的攻击受害者提供接触安慰，这种行为被称为安慰。人类儿童的类似行为归因于移情或同情的关注。根据这种移情假设，黑猩猩的安慰已经被证明可以降低接受者的唤醒状态，因此可能会减轻痛苦。然而，由于之前的研究样本量较小，移情假设的其他预测很少得到验证。在两个户外圈养的黑猩猩群体中，一个非常大的自发安慰数据库进一步支持了移情假说，即安慰发生在社会关系密切的个体之间（即，亲属和从属关系伙伴），并且女性比男性更典型，这种差异也是人类同理心的一部分。这些影响是使用广义线性混合模型证明的，该模型同时控制多个变量。上述模式的一个例外是地位最高的雄性，它们经常向被侵犯的受害者提供安慰，这可能是它们在黑猩猩社会中的一般治安功能的一部分。安慰发生在前对手之间没有和解，这表明，行为者是敏感的接触需要的侵略，这可能是更大的，如果侵略者忽视他们的受害者。安慰是亲密的相互关系中不可分割的一部分，这一点得到了相互安慰的倾向的支持。
Chimpanzees are known to spontaneously provide contact comfort to recent victims of aggression, a behavior known as consolation. Similar behavior in human children is attributed to empathic or sympathetic concern. In line with this empathy hypothesis, chimpanzee consolation has been shown to reduce the recipient's state of arousal, hence to likely alleviate distress. Other predictions from the empathy hypothesis have rarely been tested, however, owing to small sample sizes in previous studies. An exceptionally large database of spontaneous consolation in two outdoor-housed groups of chimpanzees lends further support to the empathy hypothesis in that consolation occurred disproportionally between individuals that are socially close (i.e., kin and affiliation partners) and was more typical of females than males, which differences are also known of human empathy. These effects were demonstrated using generalized linear mixed models, which control multiple variables at once. An exception to the above pattern was formed by the highest-ranking males, which frequently offered consolation to victims of aggression, probably as part of their general policing function in chimpanzee society. Consolation occurred more frequently in the absence of reconciliation between former opponents, suggesting that actors are sensitive to the contact need of victims of aggression, which may be greater if the aggressor ignores them. That consolation is an integrated part of close mutual relationships is supported by the tendency for it being reciprocated.