Snow Depth Variability at the Forest Edge in Multiple Climates in the Western United States
Snow Depth Variability at the Forest Edge in Multiple Climates in the Western United States
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DOI：
10.1029/2018wr022553
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发表时间：
2018-11-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Lundquist, Jessica D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Currier, William Ryan;Lundquist, Jessica D.
在华盛顿州的奥林匹克山、加利福尼亚州的Tuolumne河流域、新墨西哥州的Jemez Caldera和科罗拉多州的博尔德溪流域，使用机载激光雷达分析了森林边缘不同侧面之间的积雪深度变化。在博尔德溪，背风和迎风森林边缘之间的积雪深度差异具有统计学意义（平均值：38%），这可能是冬季气温（-5至-10摄氏度），风速（>10- 12米/秒）和森林结构的结果。在奥林匹克山脉，风速类似于博尔德溪，但森林边缘之间的积雪深度差异并没有显着不同，可能是由于冬季温度接近0摄氏度和更连续的森林分布。在Jemez，森林阴影可能导致南北森林边缘之间的积雪深度差异显著（平均值：32%）。Tuolumne有类似的入射太阳辐射到Jemez，但只有两个四个网站包含显着的雪深之间的差异南北面临的森林边缘（14%和31%）。Tuolumne网站没有显着的边缘差异收到较少的直接太阳辐射，由于周围地形的阴影。在Jemez，博尔德溪，Tuolumne，森林边缘之间的积雪深度差异大于或等于暴露和树冠下的地区之间的差异。此外，在Jemez和Tuolumne，森林边缘的积雪深度差异类似于暴露地区不同方面之间的积雪深度差异。因此，森林边缘分类之间的雪深差异是相似的量级目前用来代表水文模型内的子元素异质性的分类。因此，应探讨模型内森林边缘变化的代表性。
Snow depth variability between different sides of the forest edge was analyzed using airborne lidar in the Olympic Mountains, WA; Tuolumne River Watershed, CA; Jemez Caldera, NM; and the Boulder Creek Watershed, CO. At Boulder Creek there were statistically significant snow depth differences between leeward and windward forest edges (mean: 38%), which were likely the result of cold winter temperatures (-5 to -10 degrees C), substantial wind speeds (>10-12m/s), and the forest architecture. In the Olympic Mountains, wind speeds were similar to Boulder Creek, but snow depth differences between forest edges were not significantly different, likely due to winter temperatures near 0 degrees C and a more continuous forest distribution. At Jemez, forest shading likely caused significant snow depth differences between north and south facing forest edges (mean: 32%). Tuolumne had similar incoming solar radiation to Jemez, but only two of the four sites contained significant snow depth differences between north and south facing forest edges (14% and 31%). The Tuolumne sites without significant edge differences received less direct solar radiation due to shading by surrounding topography. At Jemez, Boulder Creek, and Tuolumne, snow depth differences between forest edges were greater than or equal to differences between exposed and under canopy areas. Furthermore, at Jemez and Tuolumne, forest-edge snow depth differences were similar to snow depth differences between different aspects in exposed areas. Therefore, snow depth differences between forest-edge classifications are of similar magnitude to classifications currently used to represent subelement heterogeneity within hydrologic models. Therefore, representation of forest-edge variability within models should be explored.