The Importance of Institutional Design for Distributed Local-Level Governance of Groundwater: The Case of California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act
The Importance of Institutional Design for Distributed Local-Level Governance of Groundwater: The Case of California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act
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分布式地方地下水治理制度设计的重要性：以加州可持续地下水管理法案为例
DOI：
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Fisher
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Kiparsky;Anita Milman;D. Owen;A. Fisher
在世界许多地区，地下水资源日益紧张，不可持续的使用已成为普遍现象。在现有地下水管理机制无效或不存在的地方，需要建立新的机制。地方一级的地下水治理为自上而下的模式提供了一个有趣的替代方案，有望使管理更好地匹配地下水流域的物理和社会条件的多样性。美国加州出现了这样一个例子，该州的新法律要求新的地方机构自我组织并采取行动，实现可持续的地下水管理。在这篇文章中，我们借鉴的见解，从研究共同池资源管理和自然资源治理，制定指导方针，地方地下水治理的制度设计，立足于加州的发展经验。我们提供了九个标准，可用作地方一级地下水治理制度设计的评估原则或标准：规模，人力资源，资金，权威，独立性，代表性，参与，问责制和透明度。我们断言，地方治理在某些情况下有望成为中央治理的替代方案，但其成功将在很大程度上取决于其实施的细节。此外，为使地方执行工作实现其承诺，中央治理仍然可以发挥重要的补充作用。加州在全州几十个盆地的地方地下水管理方面的发展经验为测试和评估这些标准的重要性和影响提供了一个独特的机会。
In many areas of the world, groundwater resources are increasingly stressed, and unsustainable use has become common. Where existing mechanisms for governing groundwater are ineffective or nonexistent, new ones need to be developed. Local level groundwater governance provides an intriguing alternative to top-down models, with the promise of enabling management to better match the diversity of physical and social conditions in groundwater basins. One such example is emerging in California, USA, where new state law requires new local agencies to self-organize and act to achieve sustainable groundwater management. In this article, we draw on insights from research on common pool resource management and natural resources governance to develop guidelines for institutional design for local groundwater governance, grounded in California’s developing experience. We offer nine criteria that can be used as principles or standards in the evaluation of institutional design for local level groundwater governance: scale, human capacity, funding, authority, independence, representation, participation, accountability, and transparency. We assert that local governance holds promise as an alternative to centralized governance in some settings but that its success will depend heavily on the details of its implementation. Further, for local implementation to achieve its promise, there remain important complementary roles for centralized governance. California’s developing experience with local level groundwater management in dozens of basins across the state provides a unique opportunity to test and assess the importance and influence of these criteria.