Wildfire alters the disturbance impacts of an emerging forest disease via changes to host occurrence and demographic structure
Wildfire alters the disturbance impacts of an emerging forest disease via changes to host occurrence and demographic structure
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野火通过改变宿主发生和人口结构来改变新出现的森林疾病的干扰影响
DOI：
10.1111/1365-2745.13495
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Thrall, ed., Peter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Simler‐Williamson, Allison B.;Metz, Margaret R.;Frangioso, Kerri M.;Rizzo, David M.;Thrall, ed., Peter
人为活动改变了历史上的干扰机制，了解这些变化的扰动相互作用的机制对于预测它们可能在哪里侵蚀生态系统的复原力至关重要。新出现的感染性植物疾病是由人类移位外来病原体引起的，可以产生生态破坏形式的新的生物干扰。此外，非生物干扰，如野火，可能通过影响寄主、病原体和小气候的发生来影响与疾病相关的干扰的严重程度和程度；然而，这些相互作用很少被研究。与引入的病原野疫霉相关的疾病‘橡树猝死’(SOD)在加利福尼亚州容易起火的沿海森林中导致急性、景观规模的树木死亡。在这里，我们研究了野火与这种新出现的传染病的生物干扰影响之间的相互作用。利用描述野火发生和P的长期数据集。在整个大苏尔地区，我们模拟了最近和历史火灾对流行病学参数的影响，包括病原体的存在、侵染强度、重新入侵和宿主死亡率。过去的野火改变了疾病动态和降低了与SOD相关的死亡率，表明这些非生物和生物干扰之间存在负面相互作用。频繁焚烧的森林不太可能受到BYP的入侵。Ramorum具有较低的寄主侵染率，表现出与疾病相关的生物干扰减少，这与具有流行病学意义的寄主的出现和密度减少有关。在最近的一场野火之后，成熟的月桂是关键的产孢子宿主，是OFP的主要驱动力。分枝侵染和再入侵，但较年轻的、快速再生的能够形成孢子的寄主植被对疾病动态没有可测量的影响。值得注意的是，OFP的影响。在最近烧毁的地区，随机感染对寄主死亡率的影响有所降低，这表明失去高大、成熟的寄主树冠可能会暂时抑制病原体的传播，并从显著的接种压力中释放敏感物种。总体而言，我们的发现表明，火灾历史通过改变可用宿主的出现和具有流行病学意义的重要宿主种群的人口统计学，在整个景观中促成了生物干扰和与疾病相关的下降的不同模式。这些结果表明，人类改变的非生物干扰可能在构建传染病动力学、促进未来爆发和驱动生物干扰机制方面发挥基础性作用。
Anthropogenic activities have altered historical disturbance regimes, and understanding the mechanisms by which these shifting perturbations interact is essential to predicting where they may erode ecosystem resilience. Emerging infectious plant diseases, caused by human translocation of nonnative pathogens, can generate ecologically damaging forms of novel biotic disturbance. Further, abiotic disturbances, such as wildfire, may influence the severity and extent of disease‐related perturbations via their effects on the occurrence of hosts, pathogens and microclimates; however, these interactions have rarely been examined.The disease ‘sudden oak death’ (SOD), associated with the introduced pathogenPhytophthora ramorum, causes acute, landscape‐scale tree mortality in California's fire‐prone coastal forests. Here, we examined interactions between wildfire and the biotic disturbance impacts of this emerging infectious disease. Leveraging long‐term datasets that describe wildfire occurrence andP. ramorumdynamics across the Big Sur region, we modelled the influence of recent and historical fires on epidemiological parameters, including pathogen presence, infestation intensity, reinvasion, and host mortality.Past wildfire altered disease dynamics and reduced SOD‐related mortality, indicating a negative interaction between these abiotic and biotic disturbances. Frequently burned forests were less likely to be invaded byP. ramorum, had lower incidence of host infection, and exhibited decreased disease‐related biotic disturbance, which was associated with reduced occurrence and density of epidemiologically significant hosts. Following a recent wildfire, survival of mature bay laurel, a key sporulating host, was the primary driver ofP. ramoruminfestation and reinvasion, but younger, rapidly regenerating host vegetation capable of sporulation did not measurably influence disease dynamics. Notably, the effect ofP. ramoruminfection on host mortality was reduced in recently burned areas, indicating that the loss of tall, mature host canopies may temporarily dampen pathogen transmission and ‘release’ susceptible species from significant inoculum pressure.Synthesis. Cumulatively, our findings indicate that fire history has contributed to heterogeneous patterns of biotic disturbance and disease‐related decline across this landscape, via changes to the both the occurrence of available hosts and the demography of epidemiologically important host populations. These results highlight that human‐altered abiotic disturbances may play a foundational role in structuring infectious disease dynamics, contributing to future outbreak emergence and driving biotic disturbance regimes.
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DOI：
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