Saving of water and labor in a rice-wheat system with no-tillage and direct seeding technologies
Saving of water and labor in a rice-wheat system with no-tillage and direct seeding technologies
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DOI：
10.2134/agronj2006.0227
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发表时间：
2007-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Pathak, H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bhushan, Lav;Ladha, Jagdish K.;Pathak, H.
印度河-恒河平原（IGP）稻-麦（Oryza sativa L.- titicum aestivivum L.）系统中传统的耕作和作物建立方法（如水盆移栽）需要大量的水和劳动力，这两者正变得越来越稀缺和昂贵。我们试图评估需要较少这两种投入的替代方案。在IGP进行了为期2年的田间试验，以评估各种耕作和作物种植系统在劳动力、水和能源利用方面的效率以及经济效益。水稻常规水坑移栽与直接播种在水坑或无水坑（免耕）平床上的产量相等。水坑移栽和免耕直播水稻的小麦产量也相等。通常情况下，水坑移栽所需的灌溉水量比免耕直播水稻多35%至40%。与传统的水坑移栽相比，在垄作床上直接播种水稻节约了13%至23%的灌溉用水，但产量损失了14%至25%。然而，水稻-小麦系统的水分利用效率（WUE）直接播种水稻（0.45 g L-1）高于插秧水稻（0.37 ~ 0.43 g L-1）。免耕水稻-小麦在第一年的净收益高于常规制度，而在第二年的净收益相等。研究表明，以免耕为基础的栽植方式可以代替传统的水坑移栽，节约用水和劳动力。然而，种植季节降雨的发生和分布对灌溉用水的节约有相当大的影响。
Conventional tillage and crop establishment methods such as puddled transplanting in the rice-wheat (Oryza sativa L.-Ttiticum aestivivum L.) system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) require a large amount of water and labor, both of which are increasingly becoming scarce and expensive. We attempted to evaluate alternatives that would require smaller amounts of these two inputs. A field experiment was conducted in the IGP for 2 yr to evaluate various tillage and crop establishment systems for their efficiency in labor, water, and energy use and economic profitability. The yields of rice in the conventional puddled transplanting and direct-seeding on puddled or nonpuddled (no-tillage) flat bed systems were equal. Yields of wheat following either the puddled-transplanted or no-tillage direct-seeded rice were also equal. Normally, puddled transplanting required 35 to 40% more irrigation water than no-tillage direct-seeded rice. Compared with conventional puddled transplanting, direct seeding of rice on raised beds had a 13 to 23% savings of irrigation water, but with an associated yield loss of 14 to 25%. Nevertheless, water use efficiency (WUE) in the rice-wheat system was higher with direct-seeded rice (0.45 g L-1) than with transplanted rice (0.37-0.43 g L-1). In Year 1, no-tillage rice-wheat had a higher net return than the conventional system, whereas in Year 2 the net returns were equal. The study showed that the conventional practice of puddled transplanting could be replaced with no-tillage-based crop establishment methods to save water and labor. However, the occurrence and distribution of rainfall during the cropping season had considerable influence on the savings in irrigation water.