Worker Co-operatives
Worker Co-operatives
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工人合作社
DOI：
10.1093/ilj/8.1.19
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发表时间：
1979
影响因子：
1
通讯作者：
By John Hamwee
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
By John Hamwee
当前对工人合作社兴趣的高涨可能主要来自两个不同的来源。首先，最近工人合作社的数量有了很大的增加。在工业衰退时期，大型企业已经停止了利润率下降或狭窄的活动，并且不愿意冒险推出新产品。结果，市场出现了巨大的缺口，可供小型或新企业开拓，这些企业的利润率较小，而且不会面临新产品线造成的混乱。一些因经济衰退而失业的人拥有专业技能和知识，而他们中的许多年轻人似乎对其他形式的工作抱有理想主义的承诺。通过为就业提供资金，人力服务委员会使许多失业者能够创办自己的企业，其企业研讨会计划积极鼓励以合作方式组织小企业。第二个兴趣来源是工人合作社似乎为许多当前的工业问题提供了答案。还有更多似乎每个人都可以接受的答案。对于一些人来说，它们似乎通过鼓励工人成为资本家来提供对抗工会影响力的力量。通过消除业主和工人之间的冲突，工业“合理化”和创业型企业将得到促进。对另一些人来说，工人合作社代表了社会主义的实际行动，劳动人民掌控了自己的工作生活并拥有了一些生产资料。工人之间可以行使平等的权力，获得平等的报酬。对于大多数人来说，也许工人合作社只是更多参与性管理和更有活力的工作这一理想趋势的一种体现。工人合作社对所有人来说意味着一切这一事实的反映是，最近颁布的两项专门帮助工人合作社的法规（均在后面讨论）是在所有党派的支持下颁布的。这足以让最容易上当受骗的人产生怀疑。
The current upsurge of interest in worker co-operatives probably arises largely from two distinct sources. First there has recently been a very great increase in the number of worker co-operatives. In a period of industrial recession established and large businesses have discontinued activities with falling or narrow profit margins and have been unwilling to risk introducing new products. As a result, large gaps have appeared in the market for exploitation by small or new businesses which can work on smaller profit margins and which do not face the dislocation caused by new product lines. Some of those whom the recession has made unemployed have specialist skills and knowledge, and many of the younger of them seem to have an idealistic commitment to alternative forms of work. By financing jobs, the Manpower Services Commission has enabled a number of these unemployed to start their own businesses, and its enterprise workshop scheme positively encouraged the organisation of small firms on co-operative lines. The second source of interest is that worker co-operatives seem to provide answers to many current industrial problems; and what is more answers which seem to be acceptable to everyone. For some they appear to provide a countervailing force to the influence of trade unions by encouraging workers to become capitalists. By eiminating conflict between owners and workers, industrial" rationalisation" and entrepreneurial enterprise will receive a boost. For others, workers cooperatives represent socialism in action, working people taking control of their own working lives and ownership of some of the means of production. Among themselves, the workers can exercise equal power to gain equal rewards. For the majority perhaps worker co-operatives are simply one manifestation of the desirable trend to more participative management and more enlivening jobs. A reflection of the fact that worker co-operatives mean all things to all men is that two recent statutes specifically concerned to help them (both discussed later) have been enacted with all party support. It's enough to make the most gullible suspicious.