A 2.1 KHz Zero-Knowledge Processor with BubbleRAM

A 2.1 KHz Zero-Knowledge Processor with BubbleRAM
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具有 BubbleRAM 的 2.1 KHz 零知识处理器

DOI:
10.1145/3372297.3417283
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发表时间:
2020
期刊:
A 2.1 KHz Zero-Knowledge Processor with BubbleRAM
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Kolesnikov, Vladimir
Kolesnikov, Vladimir
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Heath, David;Kolesnikov, Vladimir

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零知识证明(ZK)是密码学的基础。最近的ZK研究主要集中在小语句的非交互式证明(NIZK)上,这在区块链场景中很有用。另一行,也是我们的重点,是针对有用的大型语句的证明,例如,在证明ZK中程序的性质。我们指定了一个零知识处理器来执行用简单指令集编写的任意程序,并在ZK中证明了执行的正确性。这种方法非常适合构造大型语句的ZK证明,因为它有效地支持复杂的编程结构,例如循环和RAM访问。重要的是,我们提出了几个新的ZK改进,使我们的方法具体有效:(1)具有布尔值和布尔值之间转换的有效算术表示,(2)每次访问使用esots的高效只读存储器,以及(3)每次访问使用esots的高效读写存储器,øurram。øurram优于线性扫描大小元素的RAM !先前的ZK系统使用通用的ORAM成本要高几个数量级。我们将我们的系统作为一个可以插入[Jawurek等人,CCS'13]的ZK协议的乱码方案。总的来说,我们的系统是非常高效的:对于一个用kb的主存实例化的处理器,每个处理器周期的通信成本是kb。我们在\ textttc++中实现了我们的方法。在1Gbps局域网上实现了aKHz处理器。
Zero-Knowledge (ZK) proofs (ZKP) are foundational in cryptography. Most recent ZK research focuses on non-interactive proofs (NIZK) of small statements, useful in blockchain scenarios. Another line, and our focus, instead targets proofs of large statements that are useful, e.g., in proving properties of programs in ZK. We specify a zero-knowledge processor that executes arbitrary programs written in a simple instruction set, and proves in ZK the correctness of the execution. Such an approach is well-suited for constructing ZK proofs of large statements as it efficiently supports complex programming constructs, such as loops and RAM access. Critically, we propose several novel ZK improvements that make our approach concretely efficient: (1) an efficient arithmetic representation with conversions to/from Boolean, (2) an efficient read-only memory that usesOTs per access, and (3) an efficient read-write memory, øurram, which usesOTs per access. øurram beats linear scan for RAM of sizeelements! Prior ZK systems used generic ORAM costing orders of magnitude more. We cast our system as a garbling scheme that can be plugged into the ZK protocol of [Jawurek et al, CCS'13]. Put together, our system is concretely efficient: for a processor instantiated withKB of main memory, each processor cycle costsKB of communication. We implemented our approach in \textttC++. On a 1Gbps LAN our implementation realizes aKHz processor.
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