A 2.1 KHz Zero-Knowledge Processor with BubbleRAM
A 2.1 KHz Zero-Knowledge Processor with BubbleRAM
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具有 BubbleRAM 的 2.1 KHz 零知识处理器
DOI:
10.1145/3372297.3417283
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发表时间:
2020
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Kolesnikov, Vladimir
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
Heath, David;Kolesnikov, Vladimir
Zero-Knowledge (ZK) proofs (ZKP) are foundational in cryptography. Most recent ZK research focuses on non-interactive proofs (NIZK) of small statements, useful in blockchain scenarios. Another line, and our focus, instead targets proofs of large statements that are useful, e.g., in proving properties of programs in ZK. We specify a zero-knowledge processor that executes arbitrary programs written in a simple instruction set, and proves in ZK the correctness of the execution. Such an approach is well-suited for constructing ZK proofs of large statements as it efficiently supports complex programming constructs, such as loops and RAM access. Critically, we propose several novel ZK improvements that make our approach concretely efficient: (1) an efficient arithmetic representation with conversions to/from Boolean, (2) an efficient read-only memory that usesOTs per access, and (3) an efficient read-write memory, øurram, which usesOTs per access. øurram beats linear scan for RAM of sizeelements! Prior ZK systems used generic ORAM costing orders of magnitude more. We cast our system as a garbling scheme that can be plugged into the ZK protocol of [Jawurek et al, CCS'13]. Put together, our system is concretely efficient: for a processor instantiated withKB of main memory, each processor cycle costsKB of communication. We implemented our approach in \textttC++. On a 1Gbps LAN our implementation realizes aKHz processor.
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