Portmanteau Constructions, Phrase Structure, and Linearization
Portmanteau Constructions, Phrase Structure, and Linearization
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01851
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发表时间：
2015-12-21
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Chan, Brian Hok-Shing
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chan, Brian Hok-Shing
在双语语码转换中，语言对的中心语补语顺序相反（即，中心语首与中心语尾），中心语可以从两种语言中词汇化，其补语夹在中间。这些所谓的“合成”句子（Nishimura，1985，1986：Sankoff等人，1990年等）已经证明了几十年，但他们从来没有收到一个系统的，正式的分析，在当前的句法理论之前，最近的几次尝试（希克斯，2010年，2012年）。尽管缺乏关注，这些结构实际上与线性化和短语结构理论高度相关。更具体地说，他们挑战了二元分支（Kayne，1994，2004，2005）以及反对称假说（同上）。目前的语码转换语法模型，包括对等限制（Poplack，1980），矩阵语言框架模型（Myers-Scotton，1993，2002等），和双语语音模型（Muysken，2000年，2013年），合成结构确实看起来不寻常或不正常，无视任何系统的帐户。然而，这些结构在各种数据集中的重复出现以及对它们的约束确实需要解释。本文提出了一种解释，它既与句法有关，也与双语心理语言学有关。假设线性化是感觉-运动（SM）接口的过程（Chomsky，2005，2013），本文看到词序在句法树中不是固定的，而是在产生过程中设定的，并且词序的许多信息都在处理器中，例如，在其补语之前输出中心语（即，中心词首词序）或相反（即，头尾语序）。至于合成结构，它是双语使用者共同激活两套中心补语语序的产物，这两套语序在两种语言中唤起了同一个词的语音形式。在该提议下，组合结构的底层结构与XP一样简单，其中中心词X与其补语YP合并并投射XP（即，X YP -> [xp X YP]）。
In bilingual code-switching which involves language-pairs with contrasting head-complement orders (i.e., head-initial vs. head-final), a head may be lexicalized from both languages with its complement sandwiched in the middle. These so-called "portmanteau" sentences (Nishimura, 1985, 1986: Sankoff et al., 1990, etc.) have been attested for decades, but they had never received a systematic, formal analysis in terms of current syntactic theory before a few recent attempts (Hicks, 2010, 2012). Notwithstanding this lack of attention, these structures are in fact highly relevant to theories of linearization and phrase structure. More specifically, they challenge binary-branching (Kayne, 1994, 2004, 2005) as well as the Antisymmetry hypothesis (ibid.). Not explained by current grammatical models of code-switching, including the Equivalence Constraint (Pop lack, 1980), the Matrix Language Frame Model (Myers-Scotton, 1993, 2002, etc.), and the Bilingual Speech Model (Muysken, 2000, 2013), the portmanteau construction indeed looks uncommon or abnormal, defying any systematic account. However, the recurrence of these structures in various datasets and constraints on them do call for an explanation. This paper suggests an account which lies with syntax and also with the psycholinguistics of bilingualism. Assuming that linearization is a process at the Sensori-Motor (SM) interface (Chomsky, 2005, 2013), this paper sees that word order is not fixed in a syntactic tree but it is set in the production process, and much information of word order rests in the processor, for instance, outputting a head before its complement (i.e., head-initial word order) or the reverse (i.e., head-final word order). As for the portmanteau construction, it is the output of bilingual speakers co-activating two sets of head complement orders which summon the phonetic forms of the same word in both languages. Under this proposal, the underlying structure of a portmanteau construction is as simple as an XP in which a head X merges with its complement YP and projects an XP (i.e., X YP -> [xp X YP]).