Paralytic shellfish toxins in bivalve molluscs: Occurrence, transfer kinetics, and biotransformation
Paralytic shellfish toxins in bivalve molluscs: Occurrence, transfer kinetics, and biotransformation
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DOI：
10.1080/10641269891314294
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发表时间：
1998-12-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Shumway, Sandra E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bricelj, V. Monica;Shumway, Sandra E.
本文对麻痹性贝类毒素（氨基甲酸酯、N-磺基氨基甲酰基和脱氨基甲酰基石房蛤毒素衍生物）在双壳类软体动物中的全球分布、毒性变异来源、解剖分区、代谢和解毒动力学进行了综述。毒素积累的显著种间差异与毒素敏感性的差异有关，这些差异是由神经、生理和行为反应决定的。毒性也因身体大小、浸泡时间、离底位置和距离≤1公里而有很大差异。双壳类物种可以广泛地分类为快速的（例如，Mytilus eduJis）或缓慢解毒剂（例如，Placopecten mageJJanicus）。前者需要数周才能解毒到规定水平（每天损失高达15%毒素）;后者需要数月至数年才能解毒（每天损失≤3%）。毒素的生物转化可能导致净毒性的变化，在物种之间差异很大。一些蛤类物种，如Protothaca staminea和Spisula soluminsima，表现出快速的酶促脱氨甲酰化，而其他双壳类（例如，Mya arenaria和M. edulis）显示出有限的毒素代谢，因此是致癌源的有用指示物。当藻类富含低效力的N-磺基氨基甲酰基毒素时，毒素组成会发生显著变化。通过分析毒素成分和内脏及其他组织的相对毒素水平，可以预测有毒水华发生的时间。本综述强调了在受PSP影响的地区选择水产养殖物种和有效管理种群所需的信息。在现有数据的解释和未来的研究需要确定的警告。
This is a critical review of the global distribution, sources of variation in toxicity, anatomical partitioning, metabolism, and detoxification kinetics of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins (carbamate, TV-sulfocarbamoyl, and decarbamoyl saxitoxin derivatives) in bivalve molluscs. Marked interspecific differences in toxin accumulation are related to differences in toxin sensitivity, determined from neurological, physiological, and behavioral responses. Toxicity also varies considerably with body size, immersion time, off-bottom position, and over distances ≤1 km. Bivalve species can be broadly classified as rapid (e.g.,Mytilus eduJis) or slow detoxifiers (e.g.,Placopecten mageJJanicus). The former takes weeks to detoxify to the regulatory level (up to 15% toxin loss day−1); the latter takes months to years to detoxify (≤3% loss day−1). Toxin biotransformation, which may lead to changes in net toxicity, varies greatly among species. A few clam species, such asProtothaca stamineaandSpisula solidissima, exhibit rapid enzymatic decarbamoylation, whereas other bivalves (e.g.,Mya arenariaandM. edulis) show limited toxin metabolism and thus are useful indicators of the toxigenic source. Pronounced changes in toxin composition occur when algae are rich in low-potency,N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins. Analysis of toxin composition and relative toxin levels of viscera and other tissues can be used to predict the timing of toxic blooms. This review highlights information required to select aquaculture species and effectively manage stocks in PSP-affected areas. Caveats in the interpretation of existing data and needs for future research are identified.