Twins and congenital heart disease.
Twins and congenital heart disease.
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双胞胎和先天性心脏病。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1961
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Maurice Campbell
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Maurice Campbell
在大多数社区，双胞胎在总出生人数中的比例保持相对稳定，尽管在不同国家和种族中有所不同。因此，福尔斯从同一非洲黑人的20%.（Bulmer，1960年）下降到挪威的14%.，在牙买加下降到5%.至6%.;在美利坚合众国，从非白色人口的14.3%.下降到白色人口的11.3%.（Lilicnfeld和Pasamanick，1955年）。此外，人们普遍认识到，有些家庭生双胞胎的可能性比其他家庭高，因此要求这些家庭增加保险费，以防止这种可能性。在同卵双生子和异卵双生子之间发现的不同行为模式在遗传研究中是很有意义的。单卵双胞胎的发生率不受环境的影响，即使在双胞胎出生较少的日本等国家，也与欧美国家大致相同，为每1000人中有3.2人（Penrose，1959）。一个可能的例外是，Lilicnfeld和Pasamanick（1955）发现，在低收入的白色美国人中，堕胎率更低，但他们认为这可能是因为堕胎率更高。另一方面，双卵双胞胎的发生率受环境和遗传因素的影响。因此，在日本每1000人中只有2.0人，而在欧洲每1000人中有7.8人（Penrose，1959年）。此外，随着母亲年龄的增长和出生顺序的增加，它变得更加频繁（Waterhouse，1950年和麦克阿瑟，1954年），营养不良的发生率较低。因此，Bulmer（1959）已经表明，在1939 - 1945年战争期间营养不良很普遍的欧洲国家，双卵双胞胎的发病率下降了，而单卵双胞胎的发病率没有下降，在荷兰、挪威和法国大部分地区，但在瑞典或丹麦却没有。如果两个同卵双胞胎总是患有相同的先天性心脏病，而异卵双胞胎则没有，这将是遗传原因的有用证据。包括我在内的一些作者曾报道过这种配对（坎贝尔，1944和1959），但更常见的是，当一个受到影响时，另一个是正常的（Uchida和Rowe，1957; Lamy，de Grouchy和Schweisguth，1957）。这也是我们在一个更大的双胞胎系列中的经验，但其他感兴趣的点也出现了：例如，单卵双胞胎中先天性心脏病的发病率似乎更高，但只是在一对中的一个成员中。
The proportion of twins among total births remains relatively constant in most communities, though it varies in different countries and races. Thus it falls from 20 per thousand in same African negroes (Bulmer, i960) to 14 per thousand in Norway, and to between 5 and 6 per thousand in J a p a n ; and from 14.3 in the non-white population to 11.3 per thousand in the white population of the United States of America (Lilicnfeld and Pasamanick, 1955). Further, the higher chance of twins in some families than in others is recognized widely enough for an increased premium to be demanded in these families to insure against such a possibility. The different patterns of behaviour found between monozygotic and dizygotic twins arc of great interest in the study of inheritance. The incidence of monozygotic twins is not known to be influenced by the environment, and even in countries like Japan where fewer twins are born, it is about the same as in Europe and America, 3,2 per 1000 (Penrose, 1959). One possible exception to this is that Lilicnfeld and Pasamanick (1955) found fewer in the lower-income groups of white Americans, but they thought this might be explained by a higher abortion rate. The incidence of dizygotic twins, on the other hand, is influenced by environmental as well as by genetic factors. Thus, it is only 2.0 per 1000 in Japan compared with 7.8 per 1000 in Europe (Penrose, 1959). Further, it becomes more frequent with advancing maternal age and incresasing birth order (Waterhouse, 1950, and McArthur, 1954) and less frequent with deficient nourishment. Thus, Bulmer (1959) has shown that the incidence of dizygotic twins, but not of monozygotic twins, decreased in those countries of Europe where undernourishment was common during the 193945, war, i,e., in Holland, Norway, and most of France, but not in Sweden or Denmark. If two monozygotic twins always had the same congenital heart disease and dizygotic twins had not, it would be useful evidence for a genetic cause. Such pairs have been reported by a few authors, including myself (Campbell, 1944 and 1959), but much more frequently when one is affected, the other is normal (Uchida and Rowe, 1957; and Lamy, de Grouchy, and Schweisguth, 1957). This has been our experience also in a larger series of twins, but other points of interest have arisen: for example, there seems to be a higher incidence of congenital heart disease in monozygotic twins, but only in one member of the pair.