Water quality, weather and environmental factors associated with fecal indicator organism density in beach sand at two recreational marine beaches.
Water quality, weather and environmental factors associated with fecal indicator organism density in beach sand at two recreational marine beaches.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.113
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发表时间：
2014-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Wade TJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Heaney CD;Exum NG;Dufour AP;Brenner KP;Haugland RA;Chern E;Schwab KJ;Love DC;Serre ML;Noble R;Wade TJ
最近的研究表明，沙子中的粪便指示生物 (FIO) 与接触沙子的海滩游客的胃肠道 (GI) 疾病之间存在关联，这对公共健康具有重要意义，因为有大量的人在海滩休闲并从事沙子接触活动。然而，影响海滩沙子粪便污染的因素仍不清楚。在 2007 年国家休闲水流行病学和环境评估 (NEEAR) 研究期间，6 月至 9 月期间的周末（周六、周日）和节假日，在三个地点（相距 60 m）在两个海滩（阿拉巴马州费尔霍普海滩和罗德岛州戈达德海滩）以及附近的公有处理厂 (POTW) 排污口采集了沙子样本。 F+ 大肠杆菌噬菌体、肠球菌、拟杆菌目、粪便拟杆菌属和梭菌属。使用培养物和基于 qPCR 的校准细胞等效方法在沙子中进行测量。水样也在与 144 个沙样相同的日期、时间和横断面采集，并使用相同的 FIO 测量进行分析。收集样本时收集了天气和环境数据。沙子中 FIO 的平均浓度随时间变化，但空间不变。沙子中的肠球菌 CFU 和 CCE 密度不相关，但沙子中的其他 FIO 具有相关性。沙子和水中 FIO 密度之间的相关性最强的是粪便拟杆菌 CCE，其次是肠球菌 CFU、梭状芽胞杆菌。 CCE 和拟杆菌目 CCE。总体而言，与沙子中 FIO 浓度相关的因素与沙子-水界面（即沙子润湿）有关，包括水中 FIO 的日平均密度、降雨量和波高。重点关注沙子 FIO 变化的日常趋势的有针对性的监测，结合有关特定水质、天气和环境因素的信息，可以为海滩监测和管理决策提供信息，以减少海滩沙子中的微生物负担。本文表达的观点是作者的观点，并不一定反映美国环境保护局的观点或政策。
Recent studies showing an association between fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) in sand and gastrointestinal (GI) illness among beachgoers with sand contact have important public health implications because of the large numbers of people who recreate at beaches and engage in sand contact activities. Yet, factors that influence fecal pollution in beach sand remain unclear. During the 2007 National Epidemiological and Environmental Assessment of Recreational (NEEAR) Water Study, sand samples were collected at three locations (60 m apart) on weekend days (Sat, Sun) and holidays between June and September at two marine beaches — Fairhope Beach, AL and Goddard Beach, RI — with nearby publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs) outfalls. F+ coliphage, enterococci, Bacteroidales, fecal Bacteroides spp., and Clostridium spp. were measured in sand using culture and qPCR-based calibrator-cell equivalent methods. Water samples were also collected on the same days, times and transects as the 144 sand samples and were assayed using the same FIO measurements. Weather and environmental data were collected at the time of sample collection. Mean FIO concentrations in sand varied over time, but not space. Enterococci CFU and CCE densities in sand were not correlated, although other FIOs in sand were. The strongest correlation between FIO density in sand and water was fecal Bacteroides CCE, followed by enterococci CFU, Clostridium spp. CCE, and Bacteroidales CCE. Overall, the factors associated with FIO concentrations in sand were related to the sand–water interface (i.e., sand-wetting) and included daily average densities of FIOs in water, rainfall, and wave height. Targeted monitoring that focuses on daily trends of sand FIO variability, combined with information about specific water quality, weather, and environmental factors may inform beach monitoring and management decisions to reduce microbial burdens in beach sand. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.