Shaping the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient: New Perspectives from a Synthesis of Paleobiology and Biogeography
Shaping the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient: New Perspectives from a Synthesis of Paleobiology and Biogeography
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DOI：
10.1086/689739
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发表时间：
2017-01-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Valentine, James W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jablonski, David;Huang, Shan;Valentine, James W.
理解纬度多样性梯度（LDG）——地球上最普遍的大规模生物模式——的起源和动态的一个障碍是，当需要一种更加综合、综合的方法时，人们倾向于狭隘地关注单一因果因素。使用海洋双壳类作为模型系统，并尽可能利用其他系统，我们回顾了古生物学和生物地理学对两种据称相反观点的支持，即LDG主要由(a)决定给定纬度的物种和较高类群数量的当地环境因素(原位假设)或(b)其他地方产生的谱系进入焦点区域(空间动力学假设)组成。对原位假设的支持包括许多进化枝当前的多样性趋势与温度等环境因素的拟合，以及上新世双壳类动物群灭绝强度与区域温度净变化的相关性。对空间动力学假说的支持包括双壳类属在不同纬度的年龄频率分布，这与热带外的动态一致，澳大利亚东南部温带和日本东南部的物种多样性高于热带加勒比地区。因此，原位和空间动力学过程都必须塑造双壳类 LDG，并且也可能在其他群体中发挥作用。在显示相似 LDG 的群体中，这两个过程的相对强度可能有所不同，但剖析其影响将需要改进将化石数据与分子系统发育相结合的方法。我们强调了几个潜在的研究方向，并认为许多最引人注目的生物模式，无论过去还是现在，很可能是由不同的、相辅相成的驱动因素产生的。
An impediment to understanding the origin and dynamics of the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG)-the most pervasive large-scale biotic pattern on Earth-has been the tendency to focus narrowly on a single causal factor when a more synthetic, integrative approach is needed. Using marine bivalves as a model system and drawing on other systems where possible, we review paleobiologic and biogeographic support for two supposedly opposing views, that the LDG is shaped primarily by (a) local environmental factors that determine the number of species and higher taxa at a given latitude (in situ hypotheses) or (b) the entry of lineages arising elsewhere into a focal region (spatial dynamics hypotheses). Support for in situ hypotheses includes the fit of present-day diversity trends in many clades to such environmental factors as temperature and the correlation of extinction intensities in Pliocene bivalve faunas with net regional temperature changes. Support for spatial dynamics hypotheses includes the age-frequency distribution of bivalve genera across latitudes, which is consistent with an out-of-the-tropics dynamic, as are the higher species diversities in temperate southeastern Australia and southeastern Japan than in the tropical Caribbean. Thus, both in situ and spatial dynamics processes must shape the bivalve LDG and are likely to operate in other groups as well. The relative strengths of the two processes may differ among groups showing similar LDGs, but dissecting their effects will require improved methods of integrating fossil data with molecular phylogenies. We highlight several potential research directions and argue that many of the most dramatic biotic patterns, past and present, are likely to have been generated by diverse, mutually reinforcing drivers.