Predispersal Seed Predation Obscures the Detrimental Effect of Dust on Wildflower Reproduction
Predispersal Seed Predation Obscures the Detrimental Effect of Dust on Wildflower Reproduction
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预传播种子捕食掩盖了灰尘对野花繁殖的有害影响
DOI：
10.1086/713440
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Rosas, Carol E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Price, Mary V.;Waser, Nickolas M.;Lopez, David A.;Ramírez, Victor D.;Rosas, Carol E.
有花植物的种子生产取决于非生物和生物因素，而这些因素的相互作用可能是隐藏的。我们以前报道过，暴露于未铺砌道路的灰尘减少了花ofIpomopsis aggregatabut花粉的平均数量并没有一贯减少平均种子集每个水果。在这里，我们探索了一种可能的解释，即花粉量减少对种子生产的预期不利影响被掩盖了，因为灰尘不仅减少了授粉成功率，而且还减少了传播前种子捕食者的攻击。方法连续三个夏天，我们对4000多朵花的命运进行了评分，并与手工撒粉的结果进行了比较。 在相同的自然种群中，聚集植物与清洁对照植物上的聚集植物的聚集。我们在每个开花季节普查植物，标记花的物候队列，并检查它们的花蝇卵Hylemyasp。我们随后对膨胀果实的种子损失进行了评分，结果表明，对照植物的卵负荷和种子损失率始终高于灰尘植物。 此外，大多数卵出现在季节早期，当花最有可能坐果和胚珠数量最高时。与早期的研究一致，未寄生的果实从尘土飞扬的植物不包含更少的种子比对照植物的果实。但是，当我们模拟一个系统withoutHylemyaby分配每个寄生水果的平均种子数为未寄生花在同一物候队列，对照植物产量超过dustyplants.Conclusions. 聚集体这项研究说明了如何探索意想不到的实验结果可以揭示重要的生态相互作用，以及如何获得的机械理解可以提高将结果推广到其他系统的能力。
Premise of research. Seed production by flowering plants depends on abiotic and biotic factors whose interacting effects may be hidden. We previously reported that exposure to dust from unpaved roads reduced the average amount of pollen on flowers ofIpomopsis aggregatabut did not consistently reduce mean seed set per fruit. Here we explore one possible explanation—that the expected detrimental effect of lower pollen loads on seed production was obscured because dust reduces not only pollination success but also attack by a predispersal seed predator.Methodology. Over three consecutive summers, we scored the fates of more than 4000 flowers, comparing those on hand-dustedI. aggregataplants with those on clean control plants in the same natural populations. We censused plants throughout each flowering season, marking phenological cohorts of flowers and examining them for eggs of the anthomyiid flyHylemyasp. We subsequently scored expanded fruits for seed loss toHylemyalarvae.Pivotal results. Control plants consistently had higher egg loads and rates of seed loss to larvae than dusty plants. Furthermore, most eggs appeared early in the season, when flowers are most likely to set fruit and ovule numbers are highest. In agreement with earlier studies, unparasitized fruits from dusty plants did not contain fewer seeds than fruits from control plants. But when we simulated a system withoutHylemyaby assigning each parasitized fruit the average number of seeds for unparasitized flowers in the same phenological cohort, control plants outproduced dusty plants.Conclusions. Predispersal seed predation likely contributed to the previous lack of a negative effect of dust on seed set inI. aggregata. This study illustrates how exploring unexpected experimental outcomes can reveal important ecological interactions and how the mechanistic understanding so gained can improve the ability to generalize results to other systems.
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DOI：
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