Expanding Governmental Diversity in Global Governance: Parliamentarians of States and Local Governments
Expanding Governmental Diversity in Global Governance: Parliamentarians of States and Local Governments
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扩大全球治理中的政府多样性：州和地方政府议员
DOI：
10.1163/19426720-01601005
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发表时间：
2010
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
Chadwick F. Alger
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chadwick F. Alger
几乎没有人注意到，由于技术变革对全球范围的人类活动的影响，全球治理的参与者中政府的多样性不断扩大。各国议员的全球影响力源于1889年国际议员联盟的成立，地方政府的影响力源于1913年国际地方当局联盟的成立。本文首先简要概述了每个组织发展的国家间组织，重点是那些全球性的组织。随后简要概述了它们目前参与联合国系统的情况。在考虑这两个行动者今后可能参与全球治理时，在欧洲47个成员国的理事会中设立议会和地方和区域当局大会值得认真注意。国家间议员组织和地方政府的一个广泛共同目标是加强地方自治和地方对全球治理的影响。关键词：国家间组织、议员、联合国系统、全球治理、地方政府。* 技术变革对交通、通信、制造、投资、采矿、战争和其他人类活动领域的影响导致了全球治理参与者的动态变化。本文着重讨论由于国家和地方政府议程上的问题的领土范围扩大而引起的全球治理的变化。(1)近年来，国际关系学者已经开始从以国家为中心的全球治理观点中解放出来，并正在扩大他们的视角，以包括其他行为体。现在，非政府组织/民间社会受到了相当大的关注，有些关注企业。(2)2004年，联合国与民间社会关系知名人士小组在《卡多索报告》中采取了更广泛的观点，强调与一个问题有关的所有支持者，包括议员和地方当局，都应被纳入全球治理，因为这“不仅对就全球优先事项采取有效行动至关重要，而且也是防止多边主义进一步受到侵蚀的一种保护。议员、国家议会和地方当局更系统地参与联合国的工作，将加强全球治理，解决政府间事务中的民主缺陷，巩固代议制民主，并使联合国与全球舆论更好地联系起来。“（3）非常重要的是，除了民间社会和私营部门（企业）之外，向一个由各国政府行政分支成员代表的组织提交的这份报告还包括另外两个政府行为者。他们提供了一个非常有趣的对比。议员是各国政府的一个分支，之所以列入，是因为他们的议程越来越多地涉及跨越国界的问题。地方当局是国家内领土的政府，也包括在内，因为它们的议程也越来越多地涉及跨越国界的问题。因此，政府多样性现已列入全球治理议程。以下对国家议员和地方政府的国家间组织的概述将促使读者认识到，全球治理比以往任何时候都更加复杂，不仅涉及联合国系统和参与联合国系统的组织。在这一概述之后，我们将探讨各国议员和地方政府在联合国系统中的参与程度不断提高的问题。希望这些描述结合在一起，能够使全球治理学者能够感知它们，从而将它们纳入他们的研究议程。它们还应向参与者提供关于其参与全球治理的有益概览。…
Almost no attention has been given to the expanding governmental diversity in participants in global governance that has been stimulated by the impact of technological change on the global range of human activities. The global reach of parliamentarians of States has roots in formation of the International Parliamentarian Union in 1889, and that of local governments in founding of the International Union of Local Authorities in 1913. This article first provides a brief overview of the inter-State organizations developed by each, with emphasis on those global in scope. This is followed by a brief overview of their present involvement in the United Nations system. When considering the possible future involvement of these two actors in global governance, the creation of both a Parliamentary Assembly and a Congress of Local and Regional Authorities in the forty-seven member Council of Europe merits serious attention. A widely shared goal of both inter-State organizations of parliamentarians and local governments is strengthening local self-government and local influence on global governance. KEYWORDS: interstate organizations, parliamentarians, UN system, global governance, local governments. ********** THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ON THE TERRITORIAL REACH OF transportation, communication, manufacturing, investment, mining, warfare, and other human activities has resulted in dynamic changes in those involved in global governance. This article focuses on changes in global governance caused by extension of the territorial reach of problems on the agendas of States and local governments. (1) In recent years, international relations scholars have begun liberating themselves from their state-centered view of global governance and are expanding their perspective to include other actors. Considerable attention is now given to NGOs/civil society, and some to business. (2) In 2004, the Panel of Eminent Persons on United Nations-Civil Society Relations took a much broader view in the Cardoso Report, when it emphasized that all constituencies relevant to an issue should be included in global governance, including parliamentarians and local authorities, because it "is not only essential for effective action on global priorities but is also a protection against further erosion of multilateralism. More systematic engagement of parliamentarians national parliaments and local authorities in the United Nations would strengthen global governance, confront democratic deficits in intergovernmental affairs, buttress representational democracy and connect the United Nations better with global opinion." (3) It is very significant that, in addition to civil society and the private sector (business), this report to an organization in which governments of States are represented by members of their executive branch includes two other governmental actors. They offer a very interesting contrast. The parliamentarians are a branch of governments of States, included because their agendas increasingly involve issues that range across State borders. The local authorities are governments of territories within States that are also included because their agendas also increasingly involve issues that range across State borders. Thus governmental diversity is now on the global governance agenda. The following overview of interstate organizations of parliamentarians of States and of local governments will challenge readers to realize that global governance is ever more complicated and does not only involve the UN system and organizations involved in the UN system. After that overview, we will look at the escalating participation of parliamentarians of States and local governments in the UN system. It is hoped that these descriptions, taken together, will enable global governance scholars to perceive them and thereby include them in their research agenda. They should also provide those involved with a useful overview of their involvement in global governance. …