Mate choice in zebrafish (Danio rerio) analyzed with video-stimulus techniques.
Mate choice in zebrafish (Danio rerio) analyzed with video-stimulus techniques.
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用视频刺激技术分析斑马鱼（Danio rerio）的配偶选择。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2003
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通讯作者：
Gabriele Gerlach
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作者：
E. R. Turnell;Kara D. Mann;Gil G. Rosenthal;Gabriele Gerlach
在许多物种中，两性个体都形成了各种视觉信号和行为模式，以此来展示自己作为交配伙伴的品质 (1)。这些信号的复杂性使得很难区分那些在择偶过程中最重要的信号。动画模型通过允许改变所呈现的复杂刺激中的单个参数来解决这个问题。在这项研究中，我们测试了使用计算机动画三维模型来分析斑马鱼的择偶标准；我们应用这个工具来检查两种视觉特征在择偶中所扮演的角色。将至少 8 个月大的性成熟野生型斑马鱼饲养在 9-1 个水族箱中，昼夜周期为 14/10 小时。受试者在50厘米×32厘米的水箱中进行测试；水箱壁上画的一条垂直线将其分成两个相等的部分，A 和 B。水箱放置在两台 17 英寸戴尔计算机显示器之间，显示器上显示游泳斑马鱼的动画模型。这些模型是使用 Dell Optiplex GXPro 计算机上的 3D Studio Max 1.0 (Kinetix) 和用于视频信号数字/模拟转换的 Targa 1000 板创建的，如 Rosenthal (2, 3) 所述。每次试验前，将一条鱼放入水箱中并使其适应 5 分钟。在每次试验中，受试者同时看到两种不同的动画刺激。每个试验由四个 5 分钟的观看时间组成，每个观看时间间隔为 1 分钟，在此期间，黑色盖子轻轻地滑到显示器前面。向受试者展示三对刺激：[1]男性与女性身体形状（均具有自然水平条纹），[2]垂直与水平条纹（均具有女性形状），以及[3]垂直与水平条纹（均具有男性形状）。垂直和水平条纹图案具有等量的蓝色。女性形象与男性形象的不同之处仅在于，从侧面看，她们的腹部大了 10%。刺激对 [1] 和 [2] 向男性和女性受试者提供，而刺激对 [3] 仅向女性受试者提供。此外，向试验当天产卵的雌性展示了刺激对 [1]。 （所有其他试验中使用的雌性都没有在试验当天产卵。）这两种动画刺激在监视器之间交替显示，以平衡副作用。在每个观察期间，每 10 秒记录一次鱼的位置。使用 Wilcoxon 配对符号秩 (WSR) 测试来计算和比较受试者在每个刺激附近（存在于 A 侧或 B 侧）所花费的时间百分比。结果和统计评估如图 1 所示。男性并没有区分男性和女性形状的图像，但当图像为女性形状时，男性对水平条纹图案表现出比垂直条纹图案显着的偏好 (19.6%)。与雌性斑马鱼相比，雌性斑马鱼更喜欢雄性刺激物 20.3%。然而，在试验当天早上刚刚产卵的雌性并没有表现出对雄性或雌性形状的偏好。当图像为男性形状时，女性也表现出对水平条纹图案的显着偏好（10.7%），而不是垂直条纹图案，但当图像为女性形状时，女性没有区分条纹图案。雌性对雄性形状刺激的偏好超过雌性形状刺激，这表明仅腹部大小就可以让雌性斑马鱼区分性别。最近产卵的雌性的冷漠表明雌性对雄性的兴趣与其繁殖阶段相关。在异性动画中，雄性和雌性对垂直条纹图案的显着偏见可能是由于选择反对与异性交配而造成的。
In many species, individuals of both sexes have developed a variety of visual signals and behavioral patterns with which to broadcast their quality as mating partners (1). The complexity of these signals makes it diffi cult to distinguish those that are most important in mate selection. Animated models offer a solution to this problem by allowing for the alteration of single parameters in the complex stimulus presented. In this study, we have tested the use of computer animated three-dimensional models to analyze mate choice criteria in zebrafi sh; we applied this tool to examine the roles played by two visual characteristics in mate selection. Sexually mature wild-type zebrafi sh, aged at least 8 months, were kept in 9-1 aquaria under a day/night cycle of 14/10 h. Subjects were tested in a 50 cm 32 cm tank; a vertical line drawn on the wall of the tank divided it into two equal sections, A and B. The tank was placed between two 17-inch Dell computer monitors on which animated models of swimming zebrafi sh were displayed. The models were created using 3D Studio Max 1.0 (Kinetix) on a Dell Optiplex GXPro computer and a Targa 1000 board for digital/analog conversion of video signals, as described by Rosenthal (2, 3). Before each trial, an individual fi sh was placed in the tank and allowed to acclimate for 5 min. During each trial, the subject was simultaneously shown two different animated stimuli. Each trial consisted of four 5-min viewing periods separated by 1-min intervals during which black covers were gently slid in front of the monitors. Three pairs of stimuli were shown to the subjects: [1] male versus female body shape (both with natural horizontal stripes), [2] vertical versus horizontal stripes (both with female shape), and [3] vertical versus horizontal stripes (both with male shape). The vertical and horizontal stripe patterns had equal amounts of blue coloration. Female-shaped images differed from male-shaped images only in that their bellies were 10% larger in side view. Stimulus pairs [1] and [2] were presented to both male and female subjects, while stimulus pair [3] was presented to female subjects only. In addition, stimulus pair [1] was shown to females who had spawned on the day of the trial. (The females used in all other trials did not spawn on the day of the trial.) The two animated stimuli were alternated between the monitors to balance for side effects. During each viewing period, the location of the fi sh was recorded every 10 s. The percentage of time the subject spent in proximity to each stimulus (presence on side A or B) was calculated and compared using a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks (WSR) test. The results and statistical evaluations are shown in Figure 1. Males did not differentiate between the male and female-shaped images but showed a signifi cant preference (19.6%) for the horizontal stripe pattern over the vertical stripe pattern when the images were female-shaped. Female zebrafi sh preferred a male-shaped stimulus over a female-shaped stimulus by 20.3%. However, females that had just spawned eggs on the morning of the trial did not show a preference for either the male or the female shape. Females also showed a signifi cant preference (10.7%) for the horizontal stripe pattern over the vertical stripe pattern when the images were male-shaped, but did not differentiate between stripe patterns when the images were femaleshaped. The preference of females for the male-shaped stimulus over the female-shaped stimulus indicates that belly size alone allows female zebrafi sh to distinguish between sexes. The indifference of the females who had recently laid eggs suggests that females’ interest in males correlates with their reproductive stage. The signifi cant bias of males and females against vertical stripe pattern in the opposite-sex animation may result from selection against mating with heterospecifi cs.