Learning from Money Laundering National Risk Assessments: The Case of Italy and Switzerland
Learning from Money Laundering National Risk Assessments: The Case of Italy and Switzerland
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DOI：
10.1007/s10610-018-9395-0
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发表时间：
2019-03-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Reuter, Peter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ferwerda, Joras;Reuter, Peter
FATF要求每个国家进行国家风险评估（NRA），以显示政府对洗钱风险的了解。关于如何开展这些非驻地机构评估的指导意见很少，已经公布的评估在所用数据、分析方法和政策分析深度方面存在很大差异。在阐述了任何风险分析的基本概念之后，我们分析了来自意大利和瑞士的两个更详细的NRA。意大利全国步枪协会专注于国内犯罪威胁，几乎完全依赖专家意见。其最有特色的产品是对高威胁部门的分析和对具体政策干预的需要。瑞士的NRA主要关注来自其他国家的威胁，提供了更多的定量数据，几乎完全来自可疑活动报告，以补充专家意见。虽然这两个NRA都提供了关于洗钱风险的有用见解，但在概念上都不明确;特别是，它们都没有反映使用专家意见的当代做法。我们的评论旨在帮助加强下一轮NRA，并为所有国家确定经验教训。我们的建议包括使用其他领域的风险评估标准，增加不确定性措施，以及FATF在其NRA评估中进行更严格的评估。
The FATF requires each country to undertake a national risk assessment (NRA) to show the government's knowledge of money laundering risks. There is little guidance as to how these NRAs are to be conducted, and those that have been published show great variation in terms of data used, analytical methods, and the depth of policy analysis. After expounding some of the concepts basic to any risk analysis, we analyze two of the more detailed published NRAs, from Italy and Switzerland. The Italian NRA, focused on domestic criminal threats, relies almost exclusively on expert opinion. Its most distinctive product is an analysis of the high-threat sectors and the need for specific kinds of policy interventions. The Swiss NRA, focused primarily on threats from other countries, presents far more quantitative data, almost exclusively from suspicious activity reports, to supplement expert opinion. Though both NRAs provide useful insights about money laundering risks, neither is conceptually clear; in particular, neither reflects contemporary practice in the use of expert opinion. Our critique is aimed at helping strengthen the next round of NRAs, and identifies lessons learned for all countries. Our recommendations include the use of risk assessment standards from other fields, the addition of a measure of uncertainty, and a more critical assessment by FATF in its NRA evaluations.