The neuromuscular control of birdsong
The neuromuscular control of birdsong
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.1999.0444
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发表时间：
1999-05-29
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Pytte, C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Suthers, RA;Goller, F;Pytte, C
鸟鸣需要复杂的习得运动技能，包括呼吸、发声器官和颅下颌肌群的协调。最近的研究增加了我们对这些声乐子系统如何在歌曲制作过程中发挥作用和相互作用的理解。呼吸节奏决定了歌曲的时间模式。呼气时发出声音，每个音节之后通常都有一个小的吸气，除了在音节重复率最高的时候，使用脉动呼气模式。呼气和灵感都是主动过程。听觉器官，即鸣管，在每个支气管的颅端包含两个独立的声源，每个声源都有独立的运动控制。背侧注射器肌肉通过将发声的阴唇内收到气流中来调节发声的时间。腹侧注射器肌在决定声音的基本频率方面起着重要的作用。不同的物种以不同的方式使用它们的发声器官的两侧来实现它们歌曲的特定声学特性。幼鸟鸣叫学习过程中发声器官的可逆性麻痹表明，运动练习在后期塑性鸣叫中尤其重要，在鸣叫结晶的时候，才能使正常的成年鸣叫发展起来。即使在成人结晶曲中，呼气肌也使用感觉反馈对呼吸压力的扰动进行代偿性调整。伴随着歌声的刻板的喙运动似乎有抑制谐波的作用，特别是在低频。
Birdsong requires complex learned motor skills involving the coordination of respiratory, vocal organ and craniomandibular muscle groups. Recent studies have added to our understanding of how these vocal subsystems function and interact during song production. The respiratory rhythm determines the temporal pattern of song. Sound is produced during expiration and each syllable is typically followed by a small inspiration, except at the highest syllable repetition rates when a pattern of pulsatile expiration is used. Both expiration and inspiration are active processes. The oscine vocal organ, the syrinx, contains two separate sound sources at the cranial end of each bronchus, each with independent motor control. Dorsal syringeal muscles regulate the timing of phonation by adducting the sound-generating labia into the air stream. Ventral syringeal muscles have an important role in determining the fundamental frequency of the sound. Different species use the two sides of their vocal organ in different ways to achieve the particular acoustic properties of their song. Reversible paralysis of the vocal organ during song learning in young birds reveals that motor practice is particularly important in late plastic song around the time of song crystallization in order for normal adult song to develop. Even in adult crystallized song, expiratory muscles use sensory feedback to make compensatory adjustments to perturbations of respiratory pressure. The stereotyped beak movements that accompany song appear to have a role in suppressing harmonics, particularly at low frequencies.