Executive Function, Visual Attention and the Cocktail Party Problem in Musicians and Non-Musicians.
Executive Function, Visual Attention and the Cocktail Party Problem in Musicians and Non-Musicians.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0157638
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Kidd G Jr
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clayton KK;Swaminathan J;Yazdanbakhsh A;Zuk J;Patel AD;Kidd G Jr
本研究的目的是研究认知因素如何影响音乐家和非音乐家在多语、“鸡尾酒会”式环境中的表现。这是通过将音乐家和非音乐家在空间听力任务中的表现与认知处理能力（使用执行功能（EF）和视觉注意力的测量来评估）相关联来实现的。在空间听力任务中，将一个语音目标与两个可理解的语音掩蔽物同时呈现，这些掩蔽物与目标在方位角（0°）上并置，或者与目标在方位角（±15°）上对称分离。EF评估包括认知灵活性、抑制控制和听觉工作记忆。使用多目标跟踪任务（MOT）评估视觉域的选择性注意。在MOT任务中，观察者需要在干扰干扰点存在的情况下跟踪目标点（n = 1,2,3,4,5）。在空间听力任务中，音乐家的表现明显优于非音乐家。在EF测试中，音乐家比非音乐家在听觉工作记忆测试中表现得更好。此外，在所有个体中，空间听力任务的表现与听觉工作记忆的测量之间存在显著的相关性。这一结果表明，在类似鸡尾酒会的环境中，个体表现的差异可能部分取决于听觉工作记忆等认知因素。在MOT任务中的表现在两组之间没有差异。然而，在所有个体中，MOT的表现与空间听力任务之间存在显著的相关性。多元逐步回归分析显示，音乐背景和MOT任务的表现显著预测空间听力任务的表现。总的来说，这些发现证实了音乐性与解决“鸡尾酒会问题”的认知因素之间的关系，包括领域一般选择性注意和工作记忆。
The goal of this study was to investigate how cognitive factors influence performance in a multi-talker, “cocktail-party” like environment in musicians and non-musicians. This was achieved by relating performance in a spatial hearing task to cognitive processing abilities assessed using measures of executive function (EF) and visual attention in musicians and non-musicians. For the spatial hearing task, a speech target was presented simultaneously with two intelligible speech maskers that were either colocated with the target (0° azimuth) or were symmetrically separated from the target in azimuth (at ±15°). EF assessment included measures of cognitive flexibility, inhibition control and auditory working memory. Selective attention was assessed in the visual domain using a multiple object tracking task (MOT). For the MOT task, the observers were required to track target dots (n = 1,2,3,4,5) in the presence of interfering distractor dots. Musicians performed significantly better than non-musicians in the spatial hearing task. For the EF measures, musicians showed better performance on measures of auditory working memory compared to non-musicians. Furthermore, across all individuals, a significant correlation was observed between performance on the spatial hearing task and measures of auditory working memory. This result suggests that individual differences in performance in a cocktail party-like environment may depend in part on cognitive factors such as auditory working memory. Performance in the MOT task did not differ between groups. However, across all individuals, a significant correlation was found between performance in the MOT and spatial hearing tasks. A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that musicianship and performance on the MOT task significantly predicted performance on the spatial hearing task. Overall, these findings confirm the relationship between musicianship and cognitive factors including domain-general selective attention and working memory in solving the “cocktail party problem”.