Satellite-based emergency mapping using optical imagery: experience and reflections from the 2015 Nepal earthquakes
Satellite-based emergency mapping using optical imagery: experience and reflections from the 2015 Nepal earthquakes
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DOI：
10.5194/nhess-18-185-2018
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发表时间：
2018-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Jack G. Williams;N. Rosser;M. Kincey;J. Benjamin;K. Oven;A. Densmore;D. Milledge;T. Robinson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jack G. Williams;N. Rosser;M. Kincey;J. Benjamin;K. Oven;A. Densmore;D. Milledge;T. Robinson
山区大地震引发的山体滑坡对总体地震损失有很大贡献，并构成可持续数月或数年的重大次生灾害。虽然对同震滑坡的科学调查越来越普遍，但目前还没有针对人道主义滑坡的快速（数小时到数天）评估方案，也没有关于什么是可能的、什么是有用的、在事件发生后立即汇编的公开承认。以2015年尼泊尔廓尔喀7.8级地震为例，我们考虑了基于人工卫星应急测绘（SEM）的滑坡评估的实际实现速度，并审查了分析师做出的决定，以确定可以生成的有用信息的及时性和类型。我们发现，目前，尽管越来越快地获得高质量图像，但与人道主义反应的速度相比，许多形式的滑坡评估速度太慢。重要的是，滑坡信息的价值随着灾害响应的发展而迅速发展，因此确定地震后滑坡评估的目的、时间尺度和最终用户对于所采取的方法至关重要。很明显，需要讨论滑坡评估的形式和时间，以及如何在地震发生之前而不是之后最好地呈现和分享这些信息。在本文中，我们分享了从廓尔喀地震中吸取的经验教训，旨在为科学家了解未来事件中不断演变的山体滑坡危害以及参与灾害响应的人道主义团体的期望提供信息。
Landslides triggered by large earthquakes in mountainous regions contribute significantly to overall earthquake losses and pose a major secondary hazard that can persist for months or years. While scientific investigations of coseismic landsliding are increasingly common, there is no protocol for rapid (hours-to-days) humanitarian-facing landslide assessment and no published recognition of what is possible and what is useful to compile immediately after the event. Drawing on the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal, we consider how quickly a landslide assessment based upon manual satellite-based emergency mapping (SEM) can be realistically achieved and review the decisions taken by analysts to ascertain the timeliness and type of useful information that can be generated. We find that, at present, many forms of landslide assessment are too slow to generate relative to the speed of a humanitarian response, despite increasingly rapid access to high-quality imagery. Importantly, the value of information on landslides evolves rapidly as a disaster response develops, so identifying the purpose, timescales, and end users of a post-earthquake landslide assessment is essential to inform the approach taken. It is clear that discussions are needed on the form and timing of landslide assessments, and how best to present and share this information, before rather than after an earthquake strikes. In this paper, we share the lessons learned from the Gorkha earthquake, with the aim of informing the approach taken by scientists to understand the evolving landslide hazard in future events and the expectations of the humanitarian community involved in disaster response.