Sold! The Loss of Kiowa Allotments in the Post-Indian Reorganization Era
Sold! The Loss of Kiowa Allotments in the Post-Indian Reorganization Era
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发表时间：
2011
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通讯作者：
Mark H. Palmer
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作者：
Mark H. Palmer
19世纪大量保留地的分裂导致了美国印第安人分配地理的建立。联邦印第安人政策，即1887年的《总分配法》，允许美国政府分割大片保留地，将土地分配给印第安人个人，并将剩余土地出售给非印第安人定居者。在过去的130年里，超过9000万英亩的土地从印第安人手中转移到非印第安人手中。[1]土地分配面积的减少涉及部落政府、印第安人土地所有者和美国印第安人事务局（BIA）。1934年《印第安人重组法》（Indian Reorganization Act）的实施鼓励了印第安文化的保护、部落政府的发展、教育机会和印第安土地的保护。前BIA总监约翰·科利尔（John Collier）写道：“印度军队和印第安人正在努力扭转正在侵蚀印第安人土地基地的洪水。”[2]这表明，1934年以后，印度人拥有的土地分配面积应该已经稳定下来。然而，许多美国印第安人出售了他们的土地，随着伊拉的通过，土地基地继续减少。本研究的目的是调查分配问题在一个地方规模，使用
The fragmentation of large nineteenth-century reservations resulted in the creation of American Indian allotment geographies in the United States. Federal Indian policy, namely the General Allotment Act of 1887, allowed the US government to break up large reservations, allot land to individual Indians, and sell the surplus to non-Indian settlers. More than ninety million acres of land transferred from Indian to non-Indian ownership during the past 130 years.1 Reduction of land-allotment areas concerned tribal governments, Indian landowners, and the US Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Implementation of the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) in 1934 encouraged the preservation of Indian culture, the development of tribal government, educational opportunities, and the protection of Indian land. Former BIA Superintendent John Collier wrote, “The Indian service and the Indians are struggling to reverse the flood that is eating away [at] the Indian’s land base.”2 This suggested that Indian-owned land-allotment areas should have stabilized after 1934. However, many American Indians sold their allotments, and land bases continued to decrease following the passage of the IRA. The purpose of this study is to investigate the allotment problem at a local scale, using