Attentional responses to stimuli associated with a reward can occur in the absence of knowledge of their predictive values
Attentional responses to stimuli associated with a reward can occur in the absence of knowledge of their predictive values
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DOI：
10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.015
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发表时间：
2018-04-02
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Duka, Theodora
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Leganes-Fonteneau, Mateo;Scott, Ryan;Duka, Theodora
成瘾的经典条件反射理论认为，与奖励相关的刺激获得激励显著性，诱导情绪和注意力条件反射。目前尚不清楚这些反应是否在没有应急意识（CA）的情况下发生，即基于外显或内隐学习过程。检查刺激-奖励关联的内隐方面可以提高我们对成瘾行为的理解，支持治疗和预防策略。然而，没有条件反射的条件反应的获得尚未得到严格的证明，因为现有的文献表明，对于内隐和外显过程的测量缺乏方法论一致性。这里提出的两个实验的目的是研究CS通过获得的情绪价值。内隐情绪和注意过程，实验1（n = 48）将两个刺激类别（房屋/建筑物）与高（HR）或低（LR）货币奖励概率配对。情绪注意瞬脱显示优先注意HR LR无论CA，而愉快的评级不受影响，可能是由于CS的内在性质。实验2（n = 60）复制的调节效果的情绪注意瞬脱利用抽象CS（八角形/正方形）。此外，总体而言，HR比LR的愉悦感增加是显著的，意识到的参与者略显着，但不知道的参与者则不显着。在这里，CA是严格确定使用信号检测分析和元认知意识的测量。贝叶斯分析证实了学习的无意识性质，这些发现表明，注意条件反射可以在没有条件反射的情况下发生，并促进了我们对内隐条件反射发生和可观察机制的理解。此外，这些结果可以突出成瘾行为可能如何发展。
Classical conditioning theories of addiction suggest that stimuli associated with rewards acquire incentive salience, inducing emotional and attentional conditioned responses. It is not clear whether those responses occur without contingency awareness (CA), i.e. are based on explicit or implicit learning processes. Examining implicit aspects of stimulus-reward associations can improve our understanding of addictive behaviours, supporting treatment and prevention strategies. However, the acquisition of conditioned responses without CA has yet to be rigorously demonstrated, as the existing literature shows a lack of methodological agreement regarding the measurement of implicit and explicit processes.The purpose of two experiments presented here was to study the emotional value acquired by CS through implicit emotional and attentional processes, trying to overcome critical methodological issues.Experiment 1 (n = 48) paired two stimuli categories (houses/buildings) with high (HR) or low (LR) probabilities of monetary reward. An Emotional Attentional Blink revealed preferential attention for HR over LR regardless of CA; while pleasantness ratings were unaffected, probably due to the intrinsic nature of CS.Experiment 2 (n = 60) replicated the effect of conditioning on the Emotional Attentional Blink utilising abstract CS (octagons/squares). In addition increased pleasantness for HR over LR was found significant overall, and marginally significant for Aware but not for Unaware participants. Here CA was rigorously determined using a signal-detection analysis and metacognitive-awareness measurements. Bayesian analyses verified the unconscious nature of the learning.These findings demonstrate that attentional conditioned responses can occur without CA and advance our understanding of the mechanisms by which implicit conditioning can occur and becomes observable. Furthermore, these results can highlight how addictive behaviours might develop.