Evidence for the Pinocchio Effect: Linguistic Differences Between Lies, Deception by Omissions, and Truths
Evidence for the Pinocchio Effect: Linguistic Differences Between Lies, Deception by Omissions, and Truths
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匹诺曹效应的证据：谎言、遗漏欺骗和真相之间的语言差异
DOI：
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Malhotra
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Lyn M. van Swol;Michael T. Braun;D. Malhotra
这项研究使用了语言调查、字数统计和Coh-Metrix软件来检验在最后通牒游戏中欺骗的语言差异。在游戏中，分配者得到一笔钱与接收者平分。接收方不知道分配器必须分配的确切数量，分配器可以使用欺骗手段。分配者要么撒谎，要么通过遗漏欺骗，要么在分配决定上对接收者诚实。说谎者使用第三人称代词、数字和脏话的比例高于其他参与者。使用省略欺骗的参与者比其他参与者使用更少的单词和更低的因果词百分比。“匹诺曹效应”得到了支持：说谎者通常比其他参与者使用更多的单词，尽管有可疑伙伴的诚实分配者与说谎者在单词数上没有显著差异。有多疑伴侣的分配者使用更多的负面情绪词汇和脏话。Coh-Metrix用来衡量说谎者是否有更高的认知负荷的指数得到了褒贬不一的支持。从策略和非策略两方面讨论了结果。
The study used Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count and Coh-Metrix software to examine linguistic differences with deception in an ultimatum game. In the game, the Allocator was given an amount of money to divide with the Receiver. The Receiver did not know the precise amount the Allocator had to divide, and the Allocator could use deception. Allocators either lied, deceived through omission, or were truthful with the Receiver with their allocation decision. Liars used a higher percentage of third-person pronouns, numbers, and profanity than other participants. Participants using deception by omission used fewer words and a lower percentage of causation words than other participants. Support was found for the “Pinocchio effect”: liars generally used more words than other participants, although truthful Allocators with suspicious partners did not significantly differ from liars on word count. Allocators with suspicious partners used more negative emotion words and profanity. Mixed support was found for indexes from Coh-Metrix that measured whether liars had a higher cognitive load. Results are discussed in terms of strategic and non-strategic linguistic cues.