Broad-based environmental life cycle assessment
Broad-based environmental life cycle assessment
复制标题
基础广泛的环境生命周期评估
DOI：
10.1021/es00040a001
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发表时间：
1993
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
M. Curran
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Curran
污染预防可以发生在产品生命周期的任何阶段，任何阶段的变化都可能对其他阶段的废物产生产生积极或消极的影响。政府计划通常侧重于向单一介质（空气、水或土地）的释放。尽管这些计划旨在减少对一种环境介质的释放，但可以增加对其他介质的重新租赁。例如，当危险废物焚烧炉安装空气污染控制设备时，洗涤器可能会产生大量危险废水（4）。 LCA 可以帮助评估对产品或流程设计提出的变更，以便确定权衡。例如，产品的明显改进减少了空气污染物，但导致水污染物增加，可以通过生命周期评价来识别。水性污染物的任何潜在抵消影响都可以在产品的整体环境评估中加以考虑。 产品阶段和 LCA 对于“原材料获取”阶段，LCA 考虑涉及从地球清除材料（例如原油）的活动。第二阶段是“材料制造”，包括对原材料进行加工，例如将原油转化为聚合物树脂。在“产品制造”中
Pollution prevention can take place at any stage in a product life cycle, and changes at any stage can have positive or negative effects on waste generation at other stages. Government programs have typi-cally focused on releases to a single medium (air, water, or land). Al-though designedto reduce releases to one environmental medium, these programs can increase re-leases to other media. For example, when air pollution control equip-ment is installed in hazardous waste incinerators, large quantities of hazardous wastewater may be generated from scrubbers (4). LCAs can assist in evaluating pro-posed changes to product or process designs so that trade-offs can be identified. For example, an appar-ent improvement to a product that decreases air pollutants but results in increased water-borne pollutants could be identified by an LCA. Any potentially offsetting effects of the water-borne pollutants could be ac-counted for in an overall environmental assessment of the product.Product stages and LCAs For the “raw material acquisi-tion” stage, an LCA considers activities that involve removingmateri-als from the Earth, such as crude oil. The second stage is “material man-ufacture,” which includes process-ing raw materials, for example, turning crude oil into polymeric resin. In the “product fabrication”