Overview of viral gastroenteritis.
Overview of viral gastroenteritis.
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病毒性胃肠炎概述。
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-7091-6553-9_2
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发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
A. Kapikian
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Kapikian
人类的腹泻病自古以来就被认识到了。这种疾病继续造成巨大的生命损失，发展中国家的婴幼儿死亡率高得不成比例。在过去的一个世纪中，细菌学和寄生虫学的进步导致了一些腹泻疾病的病原学的发现，但大部分的病原学仍然未知。据推测，这些疾病中的大多数是由病毒引起的，因为：(I)细菌只从一小部分发作中恢复，(Ii)在成人志愿者研究中发现无细菌滤液可诱发胃肠炎。然而，尽管病毒学在1950年的S和1960年的S进入了病毒学的黄金时代，当时组织培养技术使人们发现了许多可培养的肠道病毒，但这些病毒都不是胃肠炎的重要病原体，但病原体仍无法恢复。1972年诺沃克病毒和1973年轮状病毒的发现，在没有体外组织培养系统的情况下，开创了病毒性胃肠炎病原学研究的新纪元。诺沃克病毒被发现是成人和较大儿童非细菌性流行性胃肠炎的重要原因，轮状病毒被证明是发达国家和发展中国家婴幼儿严重腹泻疾病的最重要病原体。随着轮状病毒研究的重大进展，人们高度乐观地认为，在不太遥远的将来，轮状病毒疫苗将可用。此外，诺瓦克病毒和诺瓦克样病毒的分子生物学研究进展，代表了这两种病毒研究的一个重要新领域。
Diarrheal illnesses in humans have been recognized since antiquity. Such illnesses continue to take a great toll of lives, with a disproportionately high mortality in infants and young children in developing countries. Bacteriologic and parasitologic advances made during the past century led to the discovery of the etiology of some of the diarrheal illnesses, but the etiology of the major portion remained unknown. It was assumed that viruses caused most of these illnesses because: (i) bacteria were recovered from only a small proportion of episodes, and (ii) bacteria-free filtrates were found to induce gastroenteritis in adult volunteer studies. However, an etiologic agent could not be recovered despite the "golden age" of virology in the 1950's and 1960's when tissue culture technology enabled the discovery of numerous cultivatable enteric viruses, none of which emerged as an important etiologic agent of gastroenteritis. The discoveries of the Norwalk virus in 1972, and of rotaviruses in 1973, both without the benefit of in vitro tissue culture systems, ushered in a new era in the study of the etiology of viral gastroenteritis. The Norwalk virus was found to be an important cause of non-bacterial epidemic gastroenteritis in adults and older children, and rotaviruses were shown to be the single most important etiologic agents of severe diarrheal illnesses of infants and young children in both developed and developing countries. With the major advances in the study of rotaviruses, there is a high degree of optimism that in the not-too-distant future, a rotavirus vaccine will be available. In addition, the recent molecular biologic advances in the study of the Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses, now firmly established as caliviviruses, represent a major new horizon in the study of these viruses.