Yearly measurements of blood lead in Swedish children since 1978:: The declining trend continues in the petrol-lead-free period 1995-2007
Yearly measurements of blood lead in Swedish children since 1978:: The declining trend continues in the petrol-lead-free period 1995-2007
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2008.03.007
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发表时间：
2008-07-01
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Skerfving, Staffan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stromberg, Ulf;Lundh, Thomas;Skerfving, Staffan
背景：自1978年以来，我们每年测量瑞典儿童的血铅浓度（B-Pb）。如前所述，1978-1994年期间，B-Pb含量大幅度下降在另一份关注1995-2001年无铅汽油时期的报告中，我们注意到硼-铅似乎稳定在接近20微克/升的平均水平。我们在这里分析了1995- 2007年延长的无铅汽油期的数据。方法：在瑞典南部的Landskrona和特雷勒堡市的1268名7-11岁儿童中测量了B-Pb，结果：近年来，我们观察到平均浓度在统计学上显著下降。在1995-2007年的无铅汽油时期，硼铅的平均减少率接近5%/年;在1978-1994年汽油中铅含量逐渐减少的时期，估计也有类似的减少率。特雷勒堡（2005年采样年）硼铅的最新几何平均值为13.1（范围，6.9-29.1）微克/升，Landskrona（2007年）为13.2（5.7-58.5）微克/升。近几年来，在冶炼厂附近、城市和农村居民区的儿童中，分别观察到了B-Pb时间下降的趋势。B-Pb受性别（男孩B-Pb较高）、父母吸烟习惯（父母一方或双方吸烟的儿童B-Pb较高）和潜在的铅暴露爱好（例如，射击气枪）的影响。结论：在一个国家逐步淘汰汽油中的铅后，儿童的B-Pb水平可以持续显著下降超过十年。(C)2008年爱思唯尔公司All rights reserved.
Background: We have measured blood lead concentrations (B-Pb) in Swedish children, yearly since 1978. As reported previously, a substantial decrease of B-Pb was found for the period 1978-1994 (2440 children measured), as an effect of gradual reduction of lead in petrol. In another report focusing on the petrol-lead-free period 1995-2001, we noted that B-Pb seemed to stabilize at an average level close to 20 mu g/L.Objective: We here analyze data from the extended petrol-lead-free period 1995-2007.Methods: B-Pb was measured in 1268 children, aged 7-11 years, from the municipalities of Landskrona and Trelleborg in southern Sweden, yielding 1407 measurements on B-Pb (since 139 children were measured in two different calendar years).Results: We observed statistically significant decreases of the average concentrations during the recent years. The average B-Pb reduction rate was close to 5%/yr in the petrol-lead-free period 1995-2007; a similar reduction rate was estimated for the period with gradual reduction of lead in petrol, 1978-1994. The most recent geometric mean of B-Pb was 13.1 (range, 6.9-29.1)mu g/L in Trelleborg (sample year 2005) and 13.2 (5.7-58.5) mu g/L in Landskrona (2007). A declining B-Pb time trend was observed during the recent years among children who lived in near smelter, urban, and rural residential areas, respectively. B-Pb was influenced by the variables sex (boys had higher B-Pb), parents' smoking habits (children with one or both parents smoking had higher B-Pb), and potentially lead-exposing hobbies (for example, shooting air guns).Conclusion: Children's B-Pb levels can continue to decline markedly more than a decade after lead in petrol has been phased out in a country. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.