Form and function in hillslope hydrology: characterization of subsurface flow based on response observations
Form and function in hillslope hydrology: characterization of subsurface flow based on response observations
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DOI：
10.5194/hess-21-3727-2017
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发表时间：
2017-07
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
L. Angermann;C. Jackisch;N. Allroggen;M. Sprenger;E. Zehe;J. Tronicke;M. Weiler;T. Blume
中科院分区：
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作者：
L. Angermann;C. Jackisch;N. Allroggen;M. Sprenger;E. Zehe;J. Tronicke;M. Weiler;T. Blume
抽象的。 “形式与功能”这一短语起源于建筑学和生物学，指的是形式与功能紧密相关、相互影响、共同进化的思想。我们建议将这一想法转移到水文系统中，以分离和分析其两个主要特征：其形式（相当于空间结构和静态属性）和其功能（相当于内部响应和水文行为）。虽然这种方法对于水文实地研究来说并不是特别新鲜，但我们希望利用这个概念来明确地探讨哪些信息最有利于理解水文系统的问题。我们将这一概念应用于山坡内的地下流，方法论重点关注功能：我们在自然风暴事件期间进行了观察，并随后进行了山坡规模的灌溉实验。结果用于推断监测系统的水文过程。基于这些发现，讨论了数据的解释力和结论性。测量包括基本的水文监测方法，如压力计、土壤湿度和流量测量。这些还伴随着同位素采样和二维延时探地雷达（探地雷达）的新颖应用。关于山坡过程的主要发现是，尽管条件不饱和，但优先流路很快建立起来。这些流动路径还在自然降雨事件后的流域响应中引起了可检测的信号，表明这些过程在流域尺度上也相关。因此，我们得出结论，响应观察（动力学和模式，即功能指标）非常适合描述观察尺度的过程。特别是使用二维延时探地雷达测量，提供详细的地下响应模式，以及以溪流为中心和以山坡为中心的方法的结合，使我们能够链接过程并将其置于更大的背景中。然而，转移到观测尺度和概括之外的其他尺度，依赖于结构（形式）的知识，并且仍然是推测性的。 Jackisch 等人（2017）的配套论文中提出并讨论了以形式（即结构探索）为重点的方法论补充方法。
Abstract. The phrase form and function was established in architecture and biology and refers to the idea that form and functionality are closely correlated, influence each other, and co-evolve. We suggest transferring this idea to hydrological systems to separate and analyze their two main characteristics: their form, which is equivalent to the spatial structure and static properties, and their function, equivalent to internal responses and hydrological behavior. While this approach is not particularly new to hydrological field research, we want to employ this concept to explicitly pursue the question of what information is most advantageous to understand a hydrological system. We applied this concept to subsurface flow within a hillslope, with a methodological focus on function: we conducted observations during a natural storm event and followed this with a hillslope-scale irrigation experiment. The results are used to infer hydrological processes of the monitored system. Based on these findings, the explanatory power and conclusiveness of the data are discussed. The measurements included basic hydrological monitoring methods, like piezometers, soil moisture, and discharge measurements. These were accompanied by isotope sampling and a novel application of 2-D time-lapse GPR (ground-penetrating radar). The main finding regarding the processes in the hillslope was that preferential flow paths were established quickly, despite unsaturated conditions. These flow paths also caused a detectable signal in the catchment response following a natural rainfall event, showing that these processes are relevant also at the catchment scale. Thus, we conclude that response observations (dynamics and patterns, i.e., indicators of function) were well suited to describing processes at the observational scale. Especially the use of 2-D time-lapse GPR measurements, providing detailed subsurface response patterns, as well as the combination of stream-centered and hillslope-centered approaches, allowed us to link processes and put them in a larger context. Transfer to other scales beyond observational scale and generalizations, however, rely on the knowledge of structures (form) and remain speculative. The complementary approach with a methodological focus on form (i.e., structure exploration) is presented and discussed in the companion paper by Jackisch et al.(2017).