Delivery of floral resources and pollination services on farmland under three different wildlife-friendly schemes
Delivery of floral resources and pollination services on farmland under three different wildlife-friendly schemes
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根据三种不同的野生动物友好计划在农田上提供花卉资源和授粉服务
DOI：
10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.015
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Potts
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Hardman;K. Norris;T. Nevard;B. Hughes;S. Potts
管理，提高花卉资源可以是一个有效的方式来支持授粉和授粉服务。一些保护野生动物的耕作计划旨在提高农场非作物生境中花卉资源的密度和多样性，同时集中管理农田。其他的，如有机耕作，旨在支持作物和非作物生境内的生态过程。这些不同的方法在农场规模上支持授粉服务的有效性尚不清楚。我们将有机农业与两种非有机野生动物友好型农业计划进行了比较：一种是规定性的（保护级，CG），另一种是灵活的（入门级管理，ELS），并对具有代表性的作物和非作物栖息地进行了抽样。我们调查了空间分布和整体水平：（一）花密度和多样性，（二）传粉者密度和多样性和（三）授粉服务提供给加州罂粟（Escholzia californica）盆栽植物。有机作物栖息地支持较高的密度的花，昆虫野花访问，并设置phytometers比CG或ELS作物栖息地。非作物栖息地支持更高密度的鲜花和昆虫花访问比CG和ELS农场的作物栖息地。与CG或ELS相比，有机农场的political服务总体上更高。传粉者的多样性和密度没有不同的方案，在点或农场一级。CG农场收到的昆虫野花访问总数最高。这些发现支持有机农业实践，增加作物栖息地的花卉资源，如播种三叶草或减少除草剂的使用，作为增强授粉服务的机制。然而，与其他生态系统服务的权衡是可能的，这些进行了讨论。研究结果支持CG计划作为一种方式，支持授粉者在农场内的小麦高产是必需的。
Management that enhances floral resources can be an effective way to support pollinators and pollination services. Some wildlife-friendly farming schemes aim to enhance the density and diversity of floral resources in non-crop habitats on farms, whilst managing crop fields intensively. Others, such as organic farming, aim to support ecological processes within both crop and non-crop habitats. How effective these different approaches are for supporting pollination services at the farm scale is unknown. We compared organic farming with two non-organic wildlife-friendly farming schemes: one prescriptive (Conservation Grade, CG) and one flexible (Entry Level Stewardship, ELS), and sampled a representative selection of crop and non-crop habitats. We investigated the spatial distribution and overall level of: (i) flower density and diversity, (ii) pollinator density and diversity and (iii) pollination services provided to Californian poppy (Eschscholzia californica) potted phytometer plants. Organic crop habitats supported a higher density of flowers, insect-wildflower visits, and fruit set of phytometers than CG or ELS crop habitats. Non-crop habitats supported a higher density of flowers and insect-flower visits than crop habitats on CG and ELS farms. Pollination services were higher on organic farms overall compared to CG or ELS. Pollinator diversity and density did not differ between schemes, at the point or farm level. CG farms received the highest total number of insect-wildflower visits. The findings support organic farming practices that increase floral resources in crop habitats, such as sowing clover or reduced herbicide usage, as mechanisms to enhance pollination services. However trade-offs with other ecosystem services are likely and these are discussed. The findings support the CG scheme as a way of supporting pollinators within farms where high wheat yields are required.
DOI：
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发表时间：
2015-10
期刊：
--
影响因子：
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作者：
Douglas M. Bates;M. Maechler;Ben Bolker;Steven C. Walker
通讯作者：
Douglas M. Bates;M. Maechler;Ben Bolker;Steven C. Walker