Human Occupation of the North American Colorado Plateau ∼37,000 Years Ago
Human Occupation of the North American Colorado Plateau ∼37,000 Years Ago
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DOI：
10.3389/fevo.2022.903795
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发表时间：
2022-07
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
T. Rowe;T. Stafford;D. Fisher;J. Enghild;J. Quigg;R. Ketcham;J. Sagebiel;R. Hanna;M. Colbert
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文献类型：
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作者：
T. Rowe;T. Stafford;D. Fisher;J. Enghild;J. Quigg;R. Ketcham;J. Sagebiel;R. Hanna;M. Colbert
校准人口在地球表面的分布对于评估人为影响的速度和时间以及区分受人类影响的生态现象和没有影响的生态现象是至关重要的。在这里，我们描述了哈特利猛犸象的位置，它可以通过AMS 14C分析骨胶原中的羟基脯氨酸来追溯到38,900-36,250卡BP。我们接受标准的观点，即欧亚旧石器时代晚期的精细石器技术是由16,000卡BP的美洲原住民支系∼的到来而引入美洲的。因此，如果美洲存在较老的文化遗址，可能只会使用细微差别的挖掘方法进行诊断。我们使用了计算机断层扫描(CT和μCT)和其他以前没有应用于调查美国古代遗址的最先进的方法。这揭示了多条化石证据，表明两头猛犸象是使用权宜之计的石块和骨骼技术屠宰的，同时还发现了受控(家庭)火灾的诊断证据。这可能是一个古老的文化遗址，这一点得到了美洲两个人类创始群体的独立遗传学证据的证实，这已经增加了东亚血统人迁徙到美洲的可能性，这些人的祖先比美洲原住民分支早了数千年。因此，哈特利猛犸象所在地为占领美洲和人类获得近全球分布提供了一个新的深刻的年代学参照点。
Calibrating human population dispersals across Earth’s surface is fundamental to assessing rates and timing of anthropogenic impacts and distinguishing ecological phenomena influenced by humans from those that were not. Here, we describe the Hartley mammoth locality, which dates to 38,900–36,250 cal BP by AMS 14C analysis of hydroxyproline from bone collagen. We accept the standard view that elaborate stone technology of the Eurasian Upper Paleolithic was introduced into the Americas by arrival of the Native American clade ∼16,000 cal BP. It follows that if older cultural sites exist in the Americas, they might only be diagnosed using nuanced taphonomic approaches. We employed computed tomography (CT and μCT) and other state-of-the-art methods that had not previously been applied to investigating ancient American sites. This revealed multiple lines of taphonomic evidence suggesting that two mammoths were butchered using expedient lithic and bone technology, along with evidence diagnostic of controlled (domestic) fire. That this may be an ancient cultural site is corroborated by independent genetic evidence of two founding populations for humans in the Americas, which has already raised the possibility of a dispersal into the Americas by people of East Asian ancestry that preceded the Native American clade by millennia. The Hartley mammoth locality thus provides a new deep point of chronologic reference for occupation of the Americas and the attainment by humans of a near-global distribution.