SCALE ISSUES IN HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING : A REVIEW
SCALE ISSUES IN HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING : A REVIEW
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2006
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G.
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作者：
G.
为水文学中的尺度和尺度问题提供了一个框架。第一部分给出了一些基本的定义。这一点很重要，因为研究人员似乎还没有就规模或升级等概念的含义达成一致。“过程规模”、“观察规模”和“建模（工作）规模”需要不同的定义。第二部分讨论集水区的异质性和变异性，并触及随机性和组织缩放的影响。第三节从建模的角度讨论了各规模之间的联系。有人认为，升级通常包括两个步骤：分布和聚合。相反，缩小尺度涉及分解和挑选。不同的方法进行了讨论，以连接状态变量，参数，投入和跨尺度的概念化。本节还涉及分布参数模型，这是一种跨尺度连接概念化的方法。第四部分从更全面的角度处理维度分析和相似性概念，讨论了各尺度之间的联系。与建模观点的主要区别在于量纲分析和相似性概念以更简单的方式处理复杂的过程。给出了流域水文学中量纲分析、相似分析和函数归一化的应用实例。本节还简要讨论了分形，这是一个流行的工具，量化跨尺度的变异性。第五部分集中在这种整体观的一个特定方面，讨论流网络分析。本文最后确定了关键问题，并为未来的研究提出了一些方向。
A framework is provided for scaling and scale issues in hydrology. The first section gives some basic definitions. This is important as researchers do not seem to have agreed on the meaning of concepts such as scale or upscaling. ‘Process scale’, ‘observation scale’ and ‘modelling (working) scale’ require different definitions. The second section discusses heterogeneity and variability in catchments and touches on the implications of randomness and organization for scaling. The third section addresses the linkages across scales from a modelling point of view. It is argued that upscaling typically consists of two steps: distributing and aggregating. Conversely, downscaling involves disaggregation and singling out. Different approaches are discussed for linking state variables, parameters, inputs and conceptualizations across scales. This section also deals with distributed parameter models, which are one way of linking conceptualizations across scales. The fourth section addresses the linkages across scales from a more holistic perspective dealing with dimensional analysis and similarity concepts. The main difference to the modelling point of view is that dimensional analysis and similarity concepts deal with complex processes in a much simpler fashion. Examples of dimensional analysis, similarity analysis and functional normalization in catchment hydrology are given. This section also briefly discusses fractals, which are a popular tool for quantifying variability across scales. The fifth section focuses on one particular aspect of this holistic view, discussing stream network analysis. The paper concludes with identifying key issues and gives some directions for future research.