Medical effects and risks of exposure to ionising radiation
Medical effects and risks of exposure to ionising radiation
复制标题
DOI：
10.1088/0952-4746/32/1/n9
复制
发表时间：
2012-03-01
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
Mettler, Fred A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mettler, Fred A.
电离辐射照射的影响和风险取决于吸收剂量、剂量率、辐射质量、受照射组织的具体情况以及个人年龄等其他因素。影响可能会立即显现，也可能需要几十年才能显现。在吸收剂量低于1戈伊时，癌症是最重要的随机效应。不同的组织诱发癌症的风险差别很大;然而，一般人群在长期照射后发生致命辐射诱发癌症的风险约为5% Sv（-1）。对剂量低于0.1戈伊的癌症风险进行量化仍然存在问题。辐照可能对人类后代产生影响的遗传风险似乎要低得多，任何此类潜在风险只能通过动物模型来估计。在高剂量（超过1戈伊）下，细胞杀伤和修饰引起确定性效应，如皮肤灼伤和骨髓抑制，在这种情况下，免疫抑制成为关键问题。剂量超过2戈伊的急性全身穿透γ照射会导致不同程度的急性放射病，剂量超过10戈伊通常会因联合器官损伤而致命。
Effects and risk from exposure to ionising radiation depend upon the absorbed dose, dose rate, quality of radiation, specifics of the tissue irradiated and other factors such as the age of the individual. Effects may be apparent almost immediately or may take decades to be manifest. Cancer is the most important stochastic effect at absorbed doses of less than 1 Gy. The risk of cancer induction varies widely across different tissues; however, the risk of fatal radiation-induced cancer for a general population following chronic exposure is about 5% Sv(-1). Quantification of cancer risk at doses of less than 0.1 Gy remains problematic. Hereditary risks from irradiation that might result in effects to offspring of humans appear to be much lower and any such potential risks can only be estimated from animal models. At high doses (over 1 Gy) cell killing and modification causes deterministic effects such as skin burns, and bone marrow depression, in which case immunosuppression becomes a critical issue. Acute whole body penetrating gamma irradiation at doses in excess of 2 Gy results in varying degrees of acute radiation sickness and doses over 10 Gy are usually lethal as a result of combined organ injury.