Effects of Clearing in a Tropical Rain Forest on the Composition of the Coprophagous Scarab Beetle Fauna (Coleoptera)
Effects of Clearing in a Tropical Rain Forest on the Composition of the Coprophagous Scarab Beetle Fauna (Coleoptera)
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热带雨林砍伐对粪食性圣甲虫动物群（鞘翅目）组成的影响
DOI：
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发表时间：
1975
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
V. Nealis
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Howden;V. Nealis
1972年和1974年，在哥伦比亚亚马逊地区的莱蒂西亚附近设置了粪便和腐肉陷阱，吸引了金龟子科60种甲虫。在陆地的森林地区，多样性保持相当稳定，有11个物种构成了绝大多数个体。诱饵的偏好是低的，是最明显的粪便和腐肉之间的人和猴粪之间的差异不大。然而，人类粪便在个体和物种数量方面都是最有吸引力的。在五天的时间里，粪便陷阱失去了很多吸引力。没有证据表明存在“捕获”效应。陆地上的森林地区的圣甲虫动物群的多样性大约是每年洪水泛滥地区的五倍。森林砍伐大大减少了物种和个体的数量，只有六个物种被设置在空地上的陷阱捕获。然而，这六个物种中有四个没有在任何森林地区被捕获。空地上食粪动物的减少大大减缓了粪便从地面上的清除，增加了苍蝇潜在繁殖地的数量，大大增加了人类和其他动物感染蠕虫的可能性。近年来，人们对一些食粪的金龟子的习性产生了相当大的兴趣。它们快速处理粪便和腐肉的能力不仅从牧场改良的角度（Bornemissza 1960，Woodruff 1972）考虑，而且从土壤表面清除蠕虫卵的医学意义（米勒1954）考虑。Halffter和马修斯（1966）最近出版了一本关于这些甲虫的生物学信息简编，这是关于各种物种习性的主要信息来源。然而，对文献的回顾很快表明，关于南美洲热带物种的信息相对较少，关于人们可能期望在亚马逊雨林的一个地方找到的物种种类的信息更少。Fittkau和Klinge（1973）最近的一篇论文讨论了马瑙斯附近热带森林的地表动物群，并给出了一个明显的印象，即食粪甲虫动物群在亚马逊河中部地区非常稀少，我们的数据并不支持这种印象。本论文本质上是一项试点研究，旨在确定哪些食粪金龟子物种共存于“陆地”（每年不被洪水淹没的土地）雨林的相对有限区域，随着诱饵的老化，动物群在短时间内发生了哪些变化，以及两年后重复研究时物种组成可能发生哪些变化。此外，在第二项研究中，对森林和清除地区进行了比较，以确定这两种动物群是否有任何差异。其中包括一些关于森林砍伐造成的动物群变化对粪便和腐肉处理的影响以及动物群这些变化的内在医学影响的推测。选择哥伦比亚亚马孙州莱蒂西亚西北11公里处的区域进行研究（本文称为“胡椒农场”）。该地区（图3）由相对密集的水平雨林和邻近的清除区组成。发生了一些选择性砍伐，但在莱蒂西亚附近的大部分可进入地区都是如此，干扰并不存在。
Sixty species of beetles in the family Scarabaeidae were attracted to dung and carrion traps set near Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia, in 1972 and 1974. Diversity remained fairly constant in forested areas of terra firma, with 11 species comprising the great majority of individuals. Bait preference was low, being most pronounced between dung and carrion with little difference between human and monkey dung. However, human dung was most attractive in terms of both numbers of individuals and species. In a five-day period dung traps lost much of their attractiveness. There was no evidence of a "trapping-out" effect. Forested areas of terra firma had a scarab fauna approximately five times as diverse as areas flooded annually. Forest clearing drastically reduced both numbers of species and individuals, only six species being taken in traps set in clearings. However, four of these six species were not taken in any of the forest areas. This reduction of the coprophagous fauna in clearings drastically slows the removal of dung from the surface of the ground, increasing the number of potential breeding sites for flies and greatly increasing the possibility of helminth infections in man and other animals. IN RECENT YEARS there has been considerable interest in the habits of some of the coprophagous scarab beetles. Their ability to dispose rapidly of dung and carrion has been considered, not only from the aspect of pasture improvement (Bornemissza 1960, Woodruff 1972), but from the medical implications of removing helminth eggs from the soil surface (Miller 1954). A recent compendium of the biological information concerning these beetles, published by Halffter and Matthews (1966), is a major source of information concerning the habits of various species. However, a review of the literature quickly indicates that there is relatively little information on tropical South American species and even less on the variety of species one might expect to find in a single locality in the Amazonian rain forest. A recent paper by Fittkau and Klinge (1973) discusses the surface fauna of a tropical forest near Manaus and gives the distinct impression that the coprophagous beetle fauna is very depauperate in the central Amazon region, an impression that our data do not support. The present paper is essentially a pilot study to determine what species of coprophagous Scarabaeidae coexist in a relatively restricted area of "terra firma" (land not flooded annually) rain forest, what changes in the fauna occur over short periods as the bait ages, and what changes may occur in the species composition when the study is repeated two years later. Also, in the second study, a comparison is made between the forest and cleared areas to determine if there are any differences in the two faunas. Some speculation is included concerning the effects that the faunal changes caused by forest clearing have on the disposal of dung and carrion and the inherent medical implications of these changes in the fauna. An area 11 km northwest of Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia, was selected for the study (referred to herein as the "pepper farm"). The area (fig. 3) consisted of relatively dense, level rain forest with adjacent cleared areas. Some selective cutting had occurred, but this was true for most of the accessible areas near Leticia, and the disturbance was not con-