‘Cattle Bring Us to Our Enemies’: Turkana Ecology, Politics, and Raiding in a Disequilibrium System
‘Cattle Bring Us to Our Enemies’: Turkana Ecology, Politics, and Raiding in a Disequilibrium System
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“牛把我们引向敌人”：图尔卡纳生态、政治和不平衡系统中的袭击
DOI：
10.1007/s10745-005-9006-9
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
E. Fratkin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Fratkin
《牛把我们带向敌人》是对肯尼亚图尔卡纳牧民的详细研究，基于生态人类学家J. Terrence McCabe 20年的积极研究，他是南图尔卡纳生态系统项目（STEP）的核心参与者，该项目是对Ngisonyoka图尔卡纳人的生物和文化适应的多学科纵向研究。肯尼亚西北部的图尔卡纳人居住在东非最贫瘠、最偏僻、最无人管理的地区之一。图尔卡纳人饲养牛、山羊、绵羊和骆驼，是世界上最具流动性的民族之一，“不是在每年移动的距离上，而是在他们移动的频率上。”236)。STEP项目的许多研究讨论宏观层面的环境、人口和生态问题（Little & Leslie, 1999），而McCabe的专著关注的是图尔卡纳人作为个体行动者面临着多种且经常相互冲突的选择。麦凯布充分认识到环境因素，包括干旱、不完整的植被和稀缺的水资源如何影响畜牧生产和流动，他的主要关注点是战争和政治冲突如何影响图尔卡纳人的放牧决策方向。“图尔卡纳的情况是一个典型的例子，说明在东非游牧民族中，劫掠和饥荒是如何交织在一起的。”103)。图尔卡纳（人口35万）目前的局势充满了武装暴力——仅在1991年至1994年的三年时间里，就有1万多人死亡，主要是死于拥有ak -47步枪的波科特牧民之手，他们受到肯尼亚前政治政权的保护。麦凯布通过四个独立家庭的经历分析了图尔卡纳人的行为，并向我们展示了牧民如何做出日常和季节性的决定，以确保他们的畜群的生产力和家庭的安全。这四个家族都由雄性个体领导
Cattle Bring Us to Our Enemies is a detailed study of Turkana pastoralists of Kenya, based on 20 years of active research by ecological anthropologist J. Terrence McCabe, who was a central participant of the South Turkana Ecosystem Project (STEP), a multidisciplinary longitudinal study of biological and cultural adaptation among Ngisonyoka Turkana. The Turkana people of northwest Kenya occupy one of the most barren, isolated, and ungoverned areas of East Africa. Raising cattle, goats and sheep, and camels, the Turkana are among the world most mobile peoples,“not in the distances moved each year, but in the frequency of their movements”(p. 236). Where many studies produced by the STEP Project discuss macro-level environmental, demographic, and ecological issues (Little & Leslie, 1999), McCabe’s monograph focuses on Turkana people as individual actors confronted with multiple and often conflicting options. While McCabe is fully cognizant of how environmental factors including drought, patchy vegetation, and scarce water resources affect pastoral production and mobility, his major focus is how warfare and political conflict shape the direction of Turkana herding decisions.“The Turkana situation is a classic example of how raiding and famine are intertwined among East African pastoral peoples,”(p. 103). The current situation for the Turkana (population 350,000) is fraught with armed violence—over 10,000 died in a three year period alone (1991–94), mainly at the hands of Pokot herders armed with AK-47s and protected by the former political regime in Kenya. McCabe analyzes Turkana behavior through the experiences of four individual families, and gives us a picture of how pastoralists make daily and seasonal decisions that ensure the productivity of their herds and the security of their families. The four families are led by individual male