Estradiol synthesis and action at the synapse: evidence for "synaptocrine" signaling.
Estradiol synthesis and action at the synapse: evidence for "synaptocrine" signaling.
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DOI：
10.3389/fendo.2011.00028
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发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Schlinger BA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Remage-Healey L;Saldanha CJ;Schlinger BA
传统上，类固醇激素对大脑功能和行为的调节只与外周内分泌腺的分泌有关。随后，类固醇在脑内的作用被证明依赖于外周器官的合成和分泌，或者依赖于使用外周来源的前体在CNS自身内的产生。脑中雌激素合成酶芳香化酶的发现进一步支持了后一种观点，并成为扩大神经类固醇生成概念的催化剂。在平行研究中，发现包括雌二醇在内的几种类固醇对神经元兴奋性具有快速作用，部分原因是神经元膜的新作用。从多个层次的分析和实验室的最新发现需要对类固醇如何传递到神经回路的更新视图。现在有相当多的证据表明，在脊椎动物中枢神经系统的突触终扣内的芳香化酶的表达。此外，更多的工作现在直接耦合神经雌激素合成的快速调节与神经生理和行为的结果。在这篇综述中，我们总结了鸣禽中枢神经系统靶向和急性突触雌激素合成和突触周围雌激素作用的证据。我们在与经典神经调节信号相关的标准的背景下评估这些发现。我们把这种新的信号形式称为"突触内分泌"，并讨论其含义。
Classically, the modulation of brain function and behavior by steroid hormones was linked exclusively to secretion by peripheral endocrine glands. Subsequently, steroid actions within the brain were shown dependent upon either synthesis and secretion by peripheral organs or by production within the CNS itself using peripheral sources of precursors. Discovery of the estrogen-synthetic enzyme aromatase in brain further bolstered the latter view and served as a catalyst for expanding concepts of neurosteroidogenesis. In parallel research, several steroids, including estradiol, were found to have rapid effects on neuronal excitability, partially explained by novel actions at neuronal membranes. Recent findings from multiple levels of analysis and labs necessitate an updated view on how steroids are delivered to neural circuits. There is now considerable evidence for expression of the aromatase enzyme within synaptic boutons in the vertebrate CNS. Furthermore, additional work now directly couples rapid regulation of neuroestrogen synthesis with neurophysiological and behavioral outcomes. In this review we summarize evidence for targeted and acute synaptic estrogen synthesis and perisynaptic estrogen actions in the CNS of songbirds. We evaluate these findings in the context of criteria associated with classic neuromodulatory signaling. We term this novel form of signaling “synaptocrine,” and discuss its implications.