Deliberate Practice and Acquisition of Expert Performance: A General Overview
Deliberate Practice and Acquisition of Expert Performance: A General Overview
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00227.x
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发表时间：
2008-11-01
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Ericsson, K. Anders
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ericsson, K. Anders
传统上，专业知识是通过经验的长短、声誉以及对知识和技能的掌握程度来评判的。不幸的是，最近的研究表明，这些专门知识指标与实际观察到的绩效之间的关系很弱。事实上，观察到的表现并不一定与更多的专业经验相关。然而，专家的表现可以追溯到积极参与刻意练习(DP)，其中培训(通常由他们的老师和教练设计和安排)侧重于改进特定的任务。DP还包括提供即时反馈、解决问题和评估的时间，以及反复执行以改进行为的机会。在这篇文章中，我们借鉴了DP在其他领域建立的原则，如国际象棋、音乐、打字和体育，以提供对发展医学专家表现的洞察力。
Traditionally, professional expertise has been judged by length of experience, reputation, and perceived mastery of knowledge and skill. Unfortunately, recent research demonstrates only a weak relationship between these indicators of expertise and actual, observed performance. In fact, observed performance does not necessarily correlate with greater professional experience. Expert performance can, however, be traced to active engagement in deliberate practice (DP), where training (often designed and arranged by their teachers and coaches) is focused on improving particular tasks. DP also involves the provision of immediate feedback, time for problem-solving and evaluation, and opportunities for repeated performance to refine behavior. In this article, we draw upon the principles of DP established in other domains, such as chess, music, typing, and sports to provide insight into developing expert performance in medicine.