Reply to Piper: Aquilonifer 's kites are not mites
Reply to Piper: Aquilonifer 's kites are not mites
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回复 Piper: Aquilonifer 的风筝不是螨虫
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1606265113
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Briggs D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Briggs D
Piper（1）提供了一个有趣的观察结果，即小型节肢动物通过线附着在志留纪节肢动物Aquilonifer（2）上，类似于Uropodina螨附着在大型节肢动物（如甲虫）上，以促进它们在斑块栖息地（phoresy）中的扩散。显然，这两个例子在时间（距今430万年）和生态（一个完全是海洋生物，另一个是陆地生物）上有很大的区别，但值得考虑的是，微小的节肢动物附着在Aquilonifer上可能代表了某种海洋螨类祖先的行为，最古老的明确化石螨来自苏格兰的下泥盆纪（距今411万年）Rhynie Chert（3）。厄兰早奥陶世的一个更古老的记录（4）被认为是可疑的（5）。然而，与陆地植物遗骸相关的粪化石的化石证据表明，志留纪陆地生态系统中存在螨类（6）。基于分子数据的阿卡里的系统发育分析（7）将螨类的起源置于早志留世（Llandovery），对节肢动物时间树的更广泛考虑（8）将螨类的起源推回到早奥陶纪。因此，有证据表明，螨类的起源和可能的陆地辐射早于志留纪赫里福德郡生物群和Aquilonifer的出现。我们考虑了附着在Aquilonifer上的节肢动物代表epizoans或寄生虫的可能性，并得出结论，这比它们是青少年的可能性要小（2）。我们专注于与甲壳类动物的行为比较，因为它们几乎代表了
Piper (1) offers the fascinating observation that the attachment of small arthropods by threads to the Silurian arthropod Aquilonifer (2) is similar to that of the nymphs of Uropodina mites to larger arthropods (eg, beetles) to facilitate their dispersal in patchy habitats (phoresy). Clearly these two examples are profoundly separated by time (∼ 430 Mya) and ecology (the one fully marine, the other terrestrial), but it is worth considering the possibility that the adherence of tiny arthropods to Aquilonifer represents the behavior of some sort of marine mite ancestor.The oldest unequivocal fossil mites are from the Lower Devonian (∼ 411 Mya) Rhynie Chert of Scotland (3). An older record from the Lower Ordovician of Öland (4) is considered doubtful (5). Fossil evidence of coprolites associated with land plant remains, however, suggests that mites were present in Silurian terrestrial ecosystems (6). Phylogenetic analyses of Acari based on molecular data (7) place the origin of mites in the early Silurian (Llandovery) and a broader consideration of arthropod time trees (8) pushes the origin of mites back to the Early Ordovician. Thus, there is evidence that the origin and presumably terrestrial radation of mites predates the Silurian Herefordshire biota and the occurrence of Aquilonifer. We considered the possibility that the arthropods attached to Aquilonifer represent epizoans or parasites and concluded that this is less likely than their being juveniles (2). We focused on behavioral comparisons with crustaceans because they represent almost