The Recent Fertility Transition in Rwanda
The Recent Fertility Transition in Rwanda
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00558.x
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发表时间：
2013-02-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Westoff, Charles F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Westoff, Charles F.
卢旺达是中非一个贫穷的小国，被刚果民主共和国、乌干达、坦桑尼亚和布隆迪所包围。该国人口估计约为1100万，是非洲大陆人口密度最高的国家（每平方公里415人）。此外，在21世纪初，它是世界上人口增长率最高的国家之一。然而，在本世纪的第一个十年中，这个通常因19年的种族灭绝大屠杀而被铭记的国家经历了非常迅速的人口转型。1982年，中国政府首次开始关注人口快速增长的问题，当时成立了国家人口办公室，以应对这一问题并促进计划生育。1990年，通过了一项具有类似目标的正式政策，但由于1994年发生种族灭绝，估计有80万至100万人被杀，进展停顿。在这场危机之后的几年里，由于20世纪90年代中期大量的生命损失，计划生育的推广不受欢迎（BBC新闻2007）。当时，“似乎很难相信人口过剩会成为一个问题”（Kinzer 2007）。种族灭绝和相关的卫生系统崩溃使总人口从1990年的710万减少到1995年的560万。然而，这一趋势迅速逆转，到2000年，人口已达到800万，年增长率为3%。因此，对人口迅速膨胀的担忧又回来了，2003年颁布了新的国家人口政策。这项政策得到了该国女性立法者的强烈支持，“她们多年来一直在推动严格的人口控制努力”（Kinzer 2007）。在20世纪90年代末，被摧毁的卫生系统的重建工作重新开始，到2001年，卫生部“实施了一个由会员保费和政府资金支持的全国性互助网络，创新的社区医疗保险计划”。虽然计划生育不是主要焦点，但随着时间的推移，它的重要性越来越大（Madsen 2011）。
Rwanda is a small, poor country in Central Africa surrounded by the Dem cratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, and Burundi. With an estimate population of about 11 million, the country has the highest population den sity in the African continent (415 persons per square kilometer). In additio at the beginning of the twenty-first century it had one of the world's high population growth rates. However, during the first decade of this century this country, commonly remembered for the genocidal massacres in 19 has experienced a very rapid demographic transition. The government first became concerned about rapid population growth 1982 when a National Office of Population was created to confront the probl and to promote family planning. In 1990, a formal policy with similar obje tives was adopted, but progress came to a halt with the 1994 genocide in wh an estimated 800,000 to one million persons were killed. Following this cris the promotion of birth control was unpopular for several years (BBC News 2007) because of the enormous loss of life during the mid-1990s. At the tim it" seemed difficult to believe that overpopulation would ever be a problem (Kinzer 2007). The genocide and the associated collapse of the health system reduced the total population from 7.1 million in 1990 to 5.6 million in 1995 This trend reversed quickly, however, and by 2000 the population had reached 8 million with a growth rate of 3 percent per year. As a resul concern about rapid population expansion returned and a new nationa population policy was issued in 2003. This policy was strongly endorsed the country's female legislators," who have spent years pushing for a serio population control effort"(Kinzer 2007). In the late 1990s, the reconstruct of a devastated health system resumed and by 2001 the Ministry of Health" implemented a national network of mutuelles, innovative community-bas health insurance schemes supported by member premiums and governmen funding." Although family planning was not a primary focus, it grew in i portance over time (Madsen 2011).