Observation of variations in cosmic ray single count rates during thunderstorms and implications for large-scale electric field changes
Observation of variations in cosmic ray single count rates during thunderstorms and implications for large-scale electric field changes
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DOI：
10.1103/physrevd.105.062002
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发表时间：
2021-11
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
R. Abbasi;T. Abu-Zayyad;M. Allen;Y. Arai;R. Arimura;E. Barcikowski;J. Belz;D. Bergman;S. Blake;I. Buckland;R. Cady;B. Cheon;J. Chiba;M. Chikawa;T. Fujii;K. Fujisue;K. Fujita;R. Fujiwara;M. Fukushima;R. Fukushima;G. Furlich;N. Globus;R. Gonzalez;W. Hanlon;M. Hayashi;N. Hayashida;K. Hibino;R. Higuchi;K. Honda;N. Husseini;D. Ikeda;T. Inadomi;N. Inoue;T. Ishii;H. Ito;D. Ivanov;H. Iwakura;A. Iwasaki;H. Jeong;S. Jeong;H. Johnson;C. Jui;K. Kadota;F. Kakimoto;O. Kalashev;K. Kasahara;S. Kasami;H. Kawai;S. Kawakami;S. Kawana;K. Kawata;I. Kharuk;E. Kido;H. Kim;J. Kim;M. H. Kim;S. Kim;Y. Kimura;S. Kishigami;Y. Kubota;S. Kurisu;V. Kuzmin;M. Kuznetsov;Y. Kwon;K. H. Lee;R. LeVon;B. Lubsandorzhiev;J. Lundquist;K. Machida;H. Matsumiya;T. Matsuyama;J. Matthews;R. Mayta;J. Mazich;M. Minamino;K. Mukai;I. Myers;P. Myers;S. Nagataki;K. Nakai;R. Nakamura;T. Nakamura;Y. Nakamura;A. Nakazawa;E. Nishio;T. Nonaka;K. Obrien;H. Oda;S. Ogio;M. Ohnishi;H. Ohoka;Y. Oku;T. Okuda;Y. Omura;M. Ono;R. Onogi;A. Oshima;S. Ozawa;I. H. Park;M. Potts;M. Pshirkov;J. Remington;D. Rodriguez;G. Rubtsov;D. Ryu;H. Sagawa;R. Sahara;Y. Saito;N. Sakaki;T. Sako;N. Sakurai;K. Sano;K. Sato;T. Seki;K. Sekino;P. Shah;Y. Shibasaki;F. Shibata;N. Shibata;T. Shibata;H. Shimodaira;B. Shin;H. Shin;D. Shinto;J. Smith;P. Sokolsky;N. Sone;B. Stokes;T. Stroman;Y. Takagi;Y. Takahashi;M. Takamura;M. Takeda;R. Takeishi;A. Taketa;M. Takita;Y. Tameda;H. Tanaka;K. Tanaka;M. Tanaka;Y. Tanoue;S. Thomas;G. Thomson;P. Tinyakov;I. Tkachev;H. Tokuno;T. Tomida;S. Troitsky;R. Tsuda;Y. Tsunesada;Y. Uchihori;S. Udo;T. Uehama;F. Urban;T. Wong;M. Yamamoto;K. Yamazaki;J. Yang;K. Yashiro;F. Yoshida;Y. Yoshioka;Y. Zhezher;Z. Zundel
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文献类型：
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作者：
R. Abbasi;T. Abu-Zayyad;M. Allen;Y. Arai;R. Arimura;E. Barcikowski;J. Belz;D. Bergman;S. Blake;I. Buckland;R. Cady;B. Cheon;J. Chiba;M. Chikawa;T. Fujii;K. Fujisue;K. Fujita;R. Fujiwara;M. Fukushima;R. Fukushima;G. Furlich;N. Globus;R. Gonzalez;W. Hanlon;M. Hayashi;N. Hayashida;K. Hibino;R. Higuchi;K. Honda;N. Husseini;D. Ikeda;T. Inadomi;N. Inoue;T. Ishii;H. Ito;D. Ivanov;H. Iwakura;A. Iwasaki;H. Jeong;S. Jeong;H. Johnson;C. Jui;K. Kadota;F. Kakimoto;O. Kalashev;K. Kasahara;S. Kasami;H. Kawai;S. Kawakami;S. Kawana;K. Kawata;I. Kharuk;E. Kido;H. Kim;J. Kim;M. H. Kim;S. Kim;Y. Kimura;S. Kishigami;Y. Kubota;S. Kurisu;V. Kuzmin;M. Kuznetsov;Y. Kwon;K. H. Lee;R. LeVon;B. Lubsandorzhiev;J. Lundquist;K. Machida;H. Matsumiya;T. Matsuyama;J. Matthews;R. Mayta;J. Mazich;M. Minamino;K. Mukai;I. Myers;P. Myers;S. Nagataki;K. Nakai;R. Nakamura;T. Nakamura;Y. Nakamura;A. Nakazawa;E. Nishio;T. Nonaka;K. Obrien;H. Oda;S. Ogio;M. Ohnishi;H. Ohoka;Y. Oku;T. Okuda;Y. Omura;M. Ono;R. Onogi;A. Oshima;S. Ozawa;I. H. Park;M. Potts;M. Pshirkov;J. Remington;D. Rodriguez;G. Rubtsov;D. Ryu;H. Sagawa;R. Sahara;Y. Saito;N. Sakaki;T. Sako;N. Sakurai;K. Sano;K. Sato;T. Seki;K. Sekino;P. Shah;Y. Shibasaki;F. Shibata;N. Shibata;T. Shibata;H. Shimodaira;B. Shin;H. Shin;D. Shinto;J. Smith;P. Sokolsky;N. Sone;B. Stokes;T. Stroman;Y. Takagi;Y. Takahashi;M. Takamura;M. Takeda;R. Takeishi;A. Taketa;M. Takita;Y. Tameda;H. Tanaka;K. Tanaka;M. Tanaka;Y. Tanoue;S. Thomas;G. Thomson;P. Tinyakov;I. Tkachev;H. Tokuno;T. Tomida;S. Troitsky;R. Tsuda;Y. Tsunesada;Y. Uchihori;S. Udo;T. Uehama;F. Urban;T. Wong;M. Yamamoto;K. Yamazaki;J. Yang;K. Yashiro;F. Yoshida;Y. Yoshioka;Y. Zhezher;Z. Zundel
我们提出的第一个观测望远镜阵列表面探测器（TASD）的雷暴对宇宙线单计数率强度的发展超过700公里的$^{2}$的地区的影响。使用TASD观测次级低能宇宙射线计数率的变化，使我们能够在700 km$^{2}$探测器上大规模研究雷暴内部的电场，而无需处理使用气球和飞机探测器在时间和空间上的狭窄暴露限制。在这项工作中，在宇宙射线强度（单计数率）使用TASD的变化进行了研究，发现平均在$\sim（0.5-1）\%$和高达2\%的水平。这些意见被认为是在过剩和赤字。除雷暴外，还发现它们与闪电有关。这些变化持续了几十分钟;它们在地面上的足迹直径从6公里到24公里不等，并与雷暴的方向相同。通过使用云内和云与地面之间的简单电场模型，使用CORSIKA模拟重新创建了宇宙射线单次计数率的观测变化。根据所使用的电场模型和该模型中电场的方向，再现所观察到的低能宇宙射线单次计数率变化的电场幅度被发现大约在0.2-0.4 GV之间。这反过来又使我们能够对雷暴中的电场及其对宇宙射线空气簇射的影响有一个合理的了解。
We present the first observation by the Telescope Array Surface Detector (TASD) of the effect of thunderstorms on the development of cosmic ray single count rate intensity over a 700 km$^{2}$ area. Observations of variations in the secondary low-energy cosmic ray counting rate, using the TASD, allow us to study the electric field inside thunderstorms, on a large scale, as it progresses on top of the 700 km$^{2}$ detector, without dealing with the limitation of narrow exposure in time and space using balloons and aircraft detectors. In this work, variations in the cosmic ray intensity (single count rate) using the TASD, were studied and found to be on average at the $\sim(0.5-1)\%$ and up to 2\% level. These observations were found to be both in excess and in deficit. They were also found to be correlated with lightning in addition to thunderstorms. These variations lasted for tens of minutes; their footprint on the ground ranged from 6 to 24 km in diameter and moved in the same direction as the thunderstorm. With the use of simple electric field models inside the cloud and between cloud to ground, the observed variations in the cosmic ray single count rate were recreated using CORSIKA simulations. Depending on the electric field model used and the direction of the electric field in that model, the electric field magnitude that reproduces the observed low-energy cosmic ray single count rate variations was found to be approximately between 0.2-0.4 GV. This in turn allows us to get a reasonable insight on the electric field and its effect on cosmic ray air showers inside thunderstorms.